{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2888430100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09296174.2018.1504615","title":"Normalized Dependency Distance: Proposing a New Measure","display_name":"Normalized Dependency Distance: Proposing a New Measure","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2888430100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09296174.2018.1504615","mag":"2888430100"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/09296174.2018.1504615","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09296174.2018.1504615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24321443","display_name":"Journal of Quantitative Linguistics","issn_l":"0929-6174","issn":["0929-6174","1744-5035"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Quantitative Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100381349","display_name":"Lei Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3366-1855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Foreign Languages, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People\u2019s Republic of China","School of Foreign Languages, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Foreign Languages, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Foreign Languages, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045067400","display_name":"Matthew L. Jockers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5599-3706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew L. Jockers","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100381349"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3704,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58596283,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"1","first_page":"62","last_page":"79"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.8171738386154175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.7093499898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universality","display_name":"Universality (dynamical systems)","score":0.6239849925041199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.6065337061882019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4863767921924591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.45830467343330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4489363133907318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44803473353385925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43505728244781494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3723311424255371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3660088777542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2463493049144745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.19259214401245117}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.8171738386154175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.7093499898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183992945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2495574","display_name":"Universality (dynamical systems)","level":2,"score":0.6239849925041199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.6065337061882019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4863767921924591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.45830467343330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4489363133907318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44803473353385925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43505728244781494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3723311424255371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3660088777542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2463493049144745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.19259214401245117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/09296174.2018.1504615","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09296174.2018.1504615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24321443","display_name":"Journal of Quantitative Linguistics","issn_l":"0929-6174","issn":["0929-6174","1744-5035"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Quantitative Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1753562749","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"15BYY179","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327557","funder_display_name":"National Office for Philosophy and Social Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327557","display_name":"National Office for Philosophy and Social Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04m0ms912"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W221426984","https://openalex.org/W233187787","https://openalex.org/W331019419","https://openalex.org/W1599880985","https://openalex.org/W1912975988","https://openalex.org/W1984314602","https://openalex.org/W1984940486","https://openalex.org/W2007858530","https://openalex.org/W2016429631","https://openalex.org/W2031335149","https://openalex.org/W2035126963","https://openalex.org/W2050790848","https://openalex.org/W2058956470","https://openalex.org/W2062707514","https://openalex.org/W2064833295","https://openalex.org/W2114719613","https://openalex.org/W2124797789","https://openalex.org/W2134598164","https://openalex.org/W2158600149","https://openalex.org/W2163155009","https://openalex.org/W2166667242","https://openalex.org/W2170716495","https://openalex.org/W2253526448","https://openalex.org/W2288547890","https://openalex.org/W2321301995","https://openalex.org/W2547055850","https://openalex.org/W2579555219","https://openalex.org/W2601979355","https://openalex.org/W2619499310","https://openalex.org/W2630410353","https://openalex.org/W2765942132","https://openalex.org/W2964330342","https://openalex.org/W3004662906","https://openalex.org/W3105900690","https://openalex.org/W4247487452","https://openalex.org/W4247827174","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4298419326"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W332573842","https://openalex.org/W3115068090","https://openalex.org/W2204741347","https://openalex.org/W2170133876","https://openalex.org/W1587914261","https://openalex.org/W2370848225","https://openalex.org/W88570232","https://openalex.org/W1955000819","https://openalex.org/W4295724953","https://openalex.org/W2380830832"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Previous":[0],"studies":[1],"of":[2,60,104,120,127,133],"dependency":[3,106],"distance":[4,46],"as":[5,20,62,117],"a":[6,10,32,118,125],"measure":[7,119],"of,":[8],"or":[9],"proxy":[11],"for,":[12],"syntactic":[13,121],"complexity":[14],"do":[15],"not":[16],"consider":[17],"factors":[18],"such":[19],"sentence":[21,42,85,108],"length":[22,43,86],"and":[23,44],"root":[24,45],"distance.":[25],"In":[26],"the":[27,57,70,93,102,131],"present":[28],"study,":[29],"we":[30],"propose":[31],"new":[33,94],"algorithm,":[34],"i.e.":[35],"Normalized":[36],"Dependency":[37,67],"Distance":[38,68],"(NDD),":[39],"that":[40,52,78,92,113],"takes":[41],"into":[47],"consideration.":[48],"Our":[49],"analysis":[50],"showed":[51],"exponential":[53],"distribution":[54,58],"fit":[55],"well":[56],"model":[59],"NDD":[61,79,114],"it":[63],"did":[64],"with":[65],"Mean":[66],"(MDD),":[69],"algorithm":[71,95],"used":[72],"in":[73],"previous":[74],"studies.":[75],"Findings":[76],"indicated":[77],"is":[80,111,124],"significantly":[81],"less":[82],"dependent":[83],"on":[84,107],"than":[87],"MDD":[88],"is,":[89],"which":[90,123],"suggests":[91],"may":[96,115],"have,":[97],"to":[98],"some":[99],"extent,":[100],"addressed":[101],"issue":[103],"MDD\u2019s":[105],"length.":[109],"It":[110],"argued":[112],"serve":[116],"complexity,":[122],"kind":[126],"universality":[128],"limited":[129],"by":[130],"capacity":[132],"human":[134],"working":[135],"memory.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}