{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2571688478","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09296174.2016.1265792","title":"Variation in Word Frequency Distributions: Definitions, Measures and Implications for a Corpus-Based Language Typology","display_name":"Variation in Word Frequency Distributions: Definitions, Measures and Implications for a Corpus-Based Language Typology","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2571688478","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09296174.2016.1265792","mag":"2571688478"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/09296174.2016.1265792","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09296174.2016.1265792","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24321443","display_name":"Journal of Quantitative Linguistics","issn_l":"0929-6174","issn":["0929-6174","1744-5035"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Quantitative Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.44334","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059804119","display_name":"Christian Bentz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6570-9326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christian Bentz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Linguistics, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany","Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Linguistics, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012895040","display_name":"Dimitrios Alikaniotis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitrios Alikaniotis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017310324","display_name":"Tanja Samard\u017ci\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6451-3946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanja Samard\u017ei\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["URPP on Language and Space, University of Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"URPP on Language and Space, University of Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013999263","display_name":"Paula Buttery","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3874-0656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paula Buttery","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059804119"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749","https://openalex.org/I8087733"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.2998,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98843725,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"2-3","first_page":"128","last_page":"162"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variation","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","score":0.7291950583457947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/typology","display_name":"Typology","score":0.7138361930847168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learnability","display_name":"Learnability","score":0.6895990371704102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.633851945400238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-lists-by-frequency","display_name":"Word lists by frequency","score":0.5798103213310242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.57220858335495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.5650205612182617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5161684155464172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency","display_name":"Frequency","score":0.4986732006072998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity","display_name":"Productivity","score":0.4906255304813385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4631367027759552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4628523886203766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-typology","display_name":"Linguistic typology","score":0.42180439829826355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24041634798049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.15783241391181946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.10173401236534119}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.7291950583457947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75795011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917904","display_name":"Typology","level":2,"score":0.7138361930847168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777723229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4367921","display_name":"Learnability","level":2,"score":0.6895990371704102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.633851945400238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175293574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q697133","display_name":"Word lists by frequency","level":3,"score":0.5798103213310242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.57220858335495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5650205612182617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5161684155464172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199075045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q762856","display_name":"Frequency","level":2,"score":0.4986732006072998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.4906255304813385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4631367027759552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4628523886203766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1701360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192625","display_name":"Linguistic typology","level":3,"score":0.42180439829826355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24041634798049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.15783241391181946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.10173401236534119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/09296174.2016.1265792","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09296174.2016.1265792","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24321443","display_name":"Journal of Quantitative Linguistics","issn_l":"0929-6174","issn":["0929-6174","1744-5035"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Quantitative Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/297285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/297285","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.zora.uzh.ch:137218","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.zora.uzh.ch/137218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401281","display_name":"Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","host_organization_name":"University of Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Bentz, Christian; Alikaniotis, Dimitrios; Samard\u017ei\u0107, Tanja; Buttery, Paula (2017). Variation in Word Frequency Distributions: Definitions, Measures and Implications for a Corpus-Based Language Typology. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics, 24(2-3):128-162.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.17863/cam.44334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.44334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050737","display_name":"Apollo","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.17863/cam.44334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.44334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050737","display_name":"Apollo","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5207488495","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FOR2237","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5237836461","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"32424","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","funder_display_name":"European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7817338883","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RG 69405","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334609","funder_display_name":"Arts and Humanities Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334609","display_name":"Arts and Humanities Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0505m1554"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","display_name":"European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22168010","https://openalex.org/W284501664","https://openalex.org/W574264556","https://openalex.org/W803770162","https://openalex.org/W1485344111","https://openalex.org/W1507719567","https://openalex.org/W1514057855","https://openalex.org/W1522263329","https://openalex.org/W1553904604","https://openalex.org/W1575999760","https://openalex.org/W1588944146","https://openalex.org/W1606480292","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W1972228514","https://openalex.org/W1978118493","https://openalex.org/W1985737201","https://openalex.org/W1991357945","https://openalex.org/W1999424845","https://openalex.org/W1999815252","https://openalex.org/W2001893060","https://openalex.org/W2011925159","https://openalex.org/W2012727473","https://openalex.org/W2013855677","https://openalex.org/W2017761238","https://openalex.org/W2019096529","https://openalex.org/W2029447880","https://openalex.org/W2031189361","https://openalex.org/W2036611122","https://openalex.org/W2037959956","https://openalex.org/W2038542953","https://openalex.org/W2045318642","https://openalex.org/W2053781876","https://openalex.org/W2062326556","https://openalex.org/W2068064057","https://openalex.org/W2079656678","https://openalex.org/W2086677051","https://openalex.org/W2087388117","https://openalex.org/W2087985248","https://openalex.org/W2102229948","https://openalex.org/W2111283389","https://openalex.org/W2115054880","https://openalex.org/W2120409145","https://openalex.org/W2124482566","https://openalex.org/W2127123449","https://openalex.org/W2158884543","https://openalex.org/W2165854268","https://openalex.org/W2250523604","https://openalex.org/W2275957045","https://openalex.org/W2314516099","https://openalex.org/W2315516789","https://openalex.org/W2332106958","https://openalex.org/W2334424438","https://openalex.org/W2510992825","https://openalex.org/W2582743722","https://openalex.org/W2606669940","https://openalex.org/W2754983118","https://openalex.org/W2767592606","https://openalex.org/W2897968256","https://openalex.org/W2993383518","https://openalex.org/W4233229465","https://openalex.org/W4239530297","https://openalex.org/W4240875963","https://openalex.org/W4240908132","https://openalex.org/W4241451651","https://openalex.org/W4244341350","https://openalex.org/W4252009343","https://openalex.org/W4298428337"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392601317","https://openalex.org/W2184642259","https://openalex.org/W582408390","https://openalex.org/W3177021845","https://openalex.org/W4252573619","https://openalex.org/W2490207774","https://openalex.org/W3083254433","https://openalex.org/W3175960268","https://openalex.org/W2367347531","https://openalex.org/W4384433011"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Word":[0],"frequencies":[1],"are":[2,28],"central":[3],"to":[4,21,72],"linguistic":[5],"studies":[6,31],"investigating":[7],"processing":[8],"difficulty,":[9],"learnability,":[10],"age":[11],"of":[12,35,108,111],"acquisition,":[13],"diachronic":[14],"transmission":[15],"and":[16,38,50,90,101,136],"the":[17,56,62,83,87,97,121],"relative":[18,57],"weight":[19],"given":[20],"a":[22,105,112],"concept":[23],"in":[24,75,82],"society.":[25],"However,":[26],"there":[27],"few":[29],"cross-linguistic":[30],"on":[32,41],"entire":[33],"distributions":[34,60,85],"word":[36],"frequencies,":[37],"even":[39],"less":[40],"systematic":[42,80],"changes":[43],"within":[44,86],"them.":[45],"Here,":[46],"we":[47,115],"first":[48],"define":[49],"test":[51],"an":[52],"exact":[53],"measure":[54,71,107],"for":[55],"difference":[58],"between":[59,99],"\u2013":[61],"Normalised":[63],"Frequency":[64],"Difference":[65],"(NFD).":[66],"We":[67,94],"then":[68],"apply":[69],"this":[70],"parallel":[73],"corpora":[74,103],"overall":[76],"19":[77],"languages,":[78],"explaining":[79],"variation":[81],"frequency":[84],"same":[88],"language":[89,125],"across":[91],"different":[92],"languages.":[93],"further":[95],"establish":[96],"NFD":[98,122],"lemmatised":[100],"un-lemmatised":[102],"as":[104],"frequency-based":[106],"inflectional":[109],"productivity":[110],"language.":[113],"Finally,":[114],"argue":[116],"that":[117],"quantitative":[118],"measures":[119],"like":[120],"can":[123],"advance":[124],"typology":[126],"beyond":[127],"abstract,":[128],"theory-driven":[129],"expert":[130],"judgments,":[131],"towards":[132],"more":[133],"corpus-based,":[134],"empirical":[135],"reproducible":[137],"analyses.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
