{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4282015716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08993408.2022.2079866","title":"Reevaluating the relationship between explaining, tracing, and writing skills in CS1 in a replication study","display_name":"Reevaluating the relationship between explaining, tracing, and writing skills in CS1 in a replication study","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4282015716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08993408.2022.2079866"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/08993408.2022.2079866","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08993408.2022.2079866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97147119","display_name":"Computer Science Education","issn_l":"0899-3408","issn":["0899-3408","1744-5175"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091001653","display_name":"Max Fowler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4730-447X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Max Fowler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014942043","display_name":"David H. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6572-4347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David H. Smith IV","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6572-4347","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041764656","display_name":"Mohammed Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3473-9730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031075692","display_name":"Seth Poulsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-9972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seth Poulsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001110474","display_name":"Matthew West","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7605-0050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew West","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7605-0050","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066756473","display_name":"Craig Zilles","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4601-4398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Craig Zilles","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091001653"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.8787,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96297136,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"3","first_page":"355","last_page":"383"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13937","display_name":"Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Biomedical Research","score":0.9666000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9589999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replication","display_name":"Replication (statistics)","score":0.7825381755828857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7735798358917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.6090144515037537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.44110679626464844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3733319640159607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.22303763031959534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.062176674604415894}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12590798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933199","display_name":"Replication (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7825381755828857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7735798358917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.6090144515037537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.44110679626464844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3733319640159607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.22303763031959534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.062176674604415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/08993408.2022.2079866","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08993408.2022.2079866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97147119","display_name":"Computer Science Education","issn_l":"0899-3408","issn":["0899-3408","1744-5175"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3253626055","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DUE 21-21424","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W958651444","https://openalex.org/W1615097079","https://openalex.org/W1985488671","https://openalex.org/W1986234982","https://openalex.org/W1992596678","https://openalex.org/W1999782281","https://openalex.org/W2012560454","https://openalex.org/W2020229731","https://openalex.org/W2025809015","https://openalex.org/W2029974693","https://openalex.org/W2030538107","https://openalex.org/W2033086912","https://openalex.org/W2038598927","https://openalex.org/W2041103998","https://openalex.org/W2041613059","https://openalex.org/W2044806257","https://openalex.org/W2051039162","https://openalex.org/W2051669404","https://openalex.org/W2071855719","https://openalex.org/W2079615115","https://openalex.org/W2093055647","https://openalex.org/W2105543722","https://openalex.org/W2120141739","https://openalex.org/W2121993767","https://openalex.org/W2122166962","https://openalex.org/W2129741299","https://openalex.org/W2130704004","https://openalex.org/W2138432297","https://openalex.org/W2151912048","https://openalex.org/W2158722298","https://openalex.org/W2165365113","https://openalex.org/W2284563719","https://openalex.org/W2340295012","https://openalex.org/W2347061999","https://openalex.org/W2551658670","https://openalex.org/W2616236374","https://openalex.org/W2748798568","https://openalex.org/W2748908871","https://openalex.org/W2790195820","https://openalex.org/W2791863188","https://openalex.org/W2889406945","https://openalex.org/W2912010641","https://openalex.org/W2949862021","https://openalex.org/W2963654382","https://openalex.org/W3000429148","https://openalex.org/W3001047106","https://openalex.org/W3010167454","https://openalex.org/W3137139293","https://openalex.org/W3163689862","https://openalex.org/W3195654431","https://openalex.org/W3196116495","https://openalex.org/W4237112997","https://openalex.org/W4292414119","https://openalex.org/W4298091299"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2888673113","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4404501470","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2056065966"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"and":[1,4,17,138],"Context":[2],"Lopez":[3],"Lister":[5],"first":[6],"presented":[7],"evidence":[8],"for":[9,19,25,103,152,160,193],"a":[10,47,56,65,142,177],"skill":[11],"hierarchy":[12,27,50,102,114],"of":[13,51,59,78,91],"code":[14],"reading,":[15],"tracing,":[16],"writing":[18],"introductory":[20,67],"programming":[21,40],"students.":[22],"Further":[23],"support":[24],"this":[26,195],"could":[28],"help":[29],"computer":[30],"science":[31],"educators":[32],"sequence":[33],"course":[34,69],"content":[35],"to":[36,45,99,184],"best":[37],"build":[38],"student":[39,85,171],"skill.Objective":[41],"This":[42,155],"study":[43,191],"aims":[44],"replicate":[46],"slightly":[48],"simplified":[49],"skills":[52,137,175],"in":[53,64,179],"CS1":[54],"using":[55],"larger":[57],"body":[58],"students":[60],"(600+":[61],"vs.":[62],"38)":[63],"non-major":[66],"Python":[68],"with":[70,134],"computer-based":[71],"exams.":[72],"We":[73,83,106,126,188],"also":[74,127],"explore":[75],"the":[76,101,119,148,162],"validity":[77],"other":[79],"possible":[80,163,190],"hierarchies.":[81],"Method":[82],"collected":[84],"score":[86],"data":[87],"on":[88,173],"4":[89],"kinds":[90],"exam":[92],"questions.":[93],"Structural":[94],"equation":[95],"modeling":[96,156],"was":[97],"used":[98],"derive":[100],"each":[104],"exam.Findings":[105],"find":[107],"multiple":[108],"best-fitting":[109],"structural":[110],"models.":[111],"The":[112],"original":[113],"does":[115],"not":[116,140,182],"appear":[117],"among":[118],"\u201cbest\u201d":[120],"candidates,":[121],"but":[122],"similar":[123],"models":[124],"do.":[125],"determined":[128],"that":[129],"our":[130],"methods":[131],"provide":[132],"us":[133],"correlations":[135,164],"between":[136,165],"do":[139],"answer":[141],"more":[143,196],"fundamental":[144,166],"question:":[145],"what":[146],"is":[147,158,181],"ideal":[149],"teaching":[150,186],"order":[151],"these":[153,174],"skills?Implications":[154],"work":[157],"valuable":[159],"understanding":[161],"code-related":[167],"skills.":[168],"However,":[169],"analyzing":[170],"performance":[172],"at":[176],"moment":[178],"time":[180],"sufficient":[183],"determine":[185],"order.":[187],"present":[189],"designs":[192],"exploring":[194],"actionable":[197],"research":[198],"question.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}