{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2064677267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08993400600874584","title":"Roles of variables in three programming paradigms","display_name":"Roles of variables in three programming paradigms","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2064677267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08993400600874584","mag":"2064677267"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/08993400600874584","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08993400600874584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97147119","display_name":"Computer Science Education","issn_l":"0899-3408","issn":["0899-3408","1744-5175"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036923336","display_name":"Jorma Sajaniemi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. Sajaniemi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Joensuu , Finland","University Of Joensuu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Joensuu , Finland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Of Joensuu, Finland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078255358","display_name":"Mordechai Ben\u2010Ari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2091-5107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53964585","display_name":"Weizmann Institute of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0316ej306","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Ben-Ari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Weizmann Institute of Science , Israel","Weizmann Institute of Science,,Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weizmann Institute of Science , Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weizmann Institute of Science,,Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017309131","display_name":"Pauli Byckling","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Byckling","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Joensuu , Finland","University Of Joensuu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Joensuu , Finland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Of Joensuu, Finland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082211640","display_name":"Petri Gerdt","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Gerdt","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Joensuu , Finland","University Of Joensuu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Joensuu , Finland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Of Joensuu, Finland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017652827","display_name":"Y. V. Kulikova","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y. Kulikova","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Joensuu , Finland","University Of Joensuu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Joensuu , Finland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Of Joensuu, Finland","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036923336"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.3763,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97980103,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"261","last_page":"279"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9564999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9370999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.834640622138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.587661623954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procedural-programming","display_name":"Procedural programming","score":0.5784456133842468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.44354864954948425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.43895310163497925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3391578495502472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductive-programming","display_name":"Inductive programming","score":0.3352341651916504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.11925598978996277}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.834640622138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.587661623954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120558287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418502","display_name":"Procedural programming","level":4,"score":0.5784456133842468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.44354864954948425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.43895310163497925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3391578495502472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50033165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15712089","display_name":"Inductive programming","level":3,"score":0.3352341651916504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.11925598978996277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/08993400600874584","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08993400600874584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97147119","display_name":"Computer Science Education","issn_l":"0899-3408","issn":["0899-3408","1744-5175"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.100.4024","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.100.4024","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://stwww.weizmann.ac.il/G-CS/BENARI/articles/rolesinthree.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W74066933","https://openalex.org/W158320766","https://openalex.org/W590961618","https://openalex.org/W632051571","https://openalex.org/W1484366641","https://openalex.org/W1505042564","https://openalex.org/W1506975425","https://openalex.org/W1538046450","https://openalex.org/W1552045127","https://openalex.org/W1566218733","https://openalex.org/W1725475383","https://openalex.org/W1983193319","https://openalex.org/W2000032708","https://openalex.org/W2009364483","https://openalex.org/W2014983826","https://openalex.org/W2017650220","https://openalex.org/W2030249959","https://openalex.org/W2035494997","https://openalex.org/W2036533373","https://openalex.org/W2044132121","https://openalex.org/W2048083627","https://openalex.org/W2121811750","https://openalex.org/W2126460775","https://openalex.org/W2137591954","https://openalex.org/W2142314574","https://openalex.org/W2181830805","https://openalex.org/W2398643673","https://openalex.org/W2913148887","https://openalex.org/W3011789882","https://openalex.org/W3036155913","https://openalex.org/W3086917698","https://openalex.org/W4248352158","https://openalex.org/W4248799709","https://openalex.org/W4249217010"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2039406101","https://openalex.org/W1828224469","https://openalex.org/W1498485720","https://openalex.org/W2560787608","https://openalex.org/W4387445043","https://openalex.org/W294096832","https://openalex.org/W2172209430","https://openalex.org/W2161156675","https://openalex.org/W3117088238","https://openalex.org/W4251694691"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Roles":[0],"can":[1,59],"be":[2,60],"assigned":[3],"to":[4,11,25,74,105],"occurrences":[5],"of":[6,15,18,44,70,80,85,108],"variables":[7],"in":[8,62,89],"programs":[9,45],"according":[10],"a":[12],"small":[13,103],"number":[14],"stereotypical":[16],"patterns":[17],"use.":[19],"Studies":[20],"on":[21,96],"explicitly":[22],"teaching":[23],"roles":[24,32,58,88,101,111],"novices":[26],"learning":[27],"programming":[28,52,64],"have":[29],"shown":[30],"that":[31,47],"are":[33,112],"an":[34],"excellent":[35],"pedagogical":[36],"tool":[37],"for":[38],"clarifying":[39],"the":[40,68,76,81,86,97,106,109],"structure":[41],"and":[42,46,66,78,84,92,102],"meaning":[43],"their":[48],"use":[49],"improves":[50],"students'":[51],"skills.":[53],"This":[54],"paper":[55],"describes":[56],"how":[57],"applied":[61],"various":[63],"paradigms":[65],"presents":[67],"results":[69],"three":[71],"studies":[72],"designed":[73],"test":[75],"understandability":[77],"acceptability":[79],"role":[82],"concept":[83],"individual":[87],"procedural,":[90],"object-oriented,":[91],"functional":[93],"programming.":[94],"Based":[95],"results,":[98],"two":[99],"new":[100],"modifications":[104],"definitions":[107],"original":[110],"suggested.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
