{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2770345004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2002.11647493","title":"The Difficulties of Learning Object-Oriented Analysis and Design: An Exploratory Study","display_name":"The Difficulties of Learning Object-Oriented Analysis and Design: An Exploratory Study","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2770345004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2002.11647493","mag":"2770345004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/08874417.2002.11647493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2002.11647493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83133229","display_name":"Journal of Computer Information Systems","issn_l":"0887-4417","issn":["0887-4417","2380-2057"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008524877","display_name":"Edward R. Sim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165556055","display_name":"Loyola University Maryland","ror":"https://ror.org/01by1wp65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165556055"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward R. Sim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Loyola College in Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21210"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Loyola College in Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21210","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165556055"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000428186","display_name":"George Wright","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0867-1266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165556055","display_name":"Loyola University Maryland","ror":"https://ror.org/01by1wp65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165556055"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Wright","raw_affiliation_strings":["Loyola College in Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21210"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Loyola College in Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21210","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165556055"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165556055"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7731,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92852519,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"2","first_page":"95","last_page":"100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-oriented-analysis-and-design","display_name":"Object-oriented analysis and design","score":0.8902873992919922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7247115969657898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.6397973895072937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploratory-research","display_name":"Exploratory research","score":0.41359394788742065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.38327065110206604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3026462495326996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.1639840304851532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unified-modeling-language","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","score":0.10906553268432617}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184667871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1237775","display_name":"Object-oriented analysis and design","level":4,"score":0.8902873992919922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7247115969657898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.6397973895072937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.41359394788742065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.38327065110206604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3026462495326996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.1639840304851532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145644426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169411","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","level":3,"score":0.10906553268432617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/08874417.2002.11647493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2002.11647493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83133229","display_name":"Journal of Computer Information Systems","issn_l":"0887-4417","issn":["0887-4417","2380-2057"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9901506","https://openalex.org/W269068890","https://openalex.org/W1485658078","https://openalex.org/W1540492331","https://openalex.org/W1590094242","https://openalex.org/W1774800540","https://openalex.org/W2005950232","https://openalex.org/W2009667075","https://openalex.org/W2028695069","https://openalex.org/W2049228096","https://openalex.org/W2054202789","https://openalex.org/W2070233106","https://openalex.org/W2108110964","https://openalex.org/W2122418187","https://openalex.org/W2132650784","https://openalex.org/W2167211876","https://openalex.org/W2171820467","https://openalex.org/W2986348978","https://openalex.org/W4302493995","https://openalex.org/W6629026940","https://openalex.org/W6636021144","https://openalex.org/W6683799711"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2737719445","https://openalex.org/W4239098401","https://openalex.org/W2898210368","https://openalex.org/W2382480268","https://openalex.org/W2267052186","https://openalex.org/W1976518449","https://openalex.org/W2732837990","https://openalex.org/W3188962172","https://openalex.org/W2363366881","https://openalex.org/W4206198161"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Object-oriented":[0],"analysis":[1],"and":[2,22,61,100,125],"design":[3],"(OOAD)":[4],"techniques":[5,37],"are":[6,17,38],"becoming":[7],"increasingly":[8],"popular.":[9],"Advocates":[10],"argue":[11,30],"that":[12,16,31,45,113],"OOAD":[13,28,32,47,89,106,119,143],"produces":[14],"systems":[15],"more":[18,20,39,96],"maintainable,":[19],"reusable,":[21],"of":[23,79,85,88,105,134],"higher":[24],"quality.":[25],"In":[26],"addition,":[27],"proponents":[29],"is":[33,48],"easier":[34],"because":[35],"the":[36,102,108,126,132],"\u201cnatural.\u201d":[40],"However,":[41],"recent":[42],"research":[43],"suggests":[44],"learning":[46,76],"difficult.":[49],"Moreover,":[50],"no":[51],"clear":[52],"pedagogy":[53],"has":[54],"emerged":[55],"to":[56,71,141],"assist":[57],"instructors":[58],"in":[59,64,75,98,117,129],"industry":[60],"at":[62],"universities":[63],"teaching":[65],"OOAD.Here":[66],"we":[67,137],"report":[68],"our":[69],"efforts":[70],"understand":[72],"students'":[73,83],"difficulties":[74],"object-oriented":[77],"concepts":[78,90],"OOAD.":[80,130],"We":[81,111],"studied":[82],"perceptions":[84],"their":[86],"understanding":[87,99,118,122],"with":[91],"a":[92],"questionnaire.":[93],"Students":[94],"reported":[95],"difficulty":[97],"modeling":[101],"behavioral":[103],"aspects":[104],"than":[107],"structural":[109],"aspects.":[110],"learned":[112],"subjects'":[114],"overall":[115],"confidence":[116],"depended":[120],"on":[121],"object":[123],"behavior":[124],"models":[127],"used":[128],"On":[131],"basis":[133],"these":[135],"findings":[136],"make":[138],"several":[139],"recommendations":[140],"improve":[142],"instruction.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}