{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2093630166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/088395199117199","title":"Effective spell checking by learning user behavior","display_name":"Effective spell checking by learning user behavior","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2093630166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/088395199117199","mag":"2093630166"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/088395199117199","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/088395199117199","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125501549","display_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0883-9514","issn":["0883-9514","1087-6545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007075193","display_name":"Yi Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1600-5020"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y. Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018437728","display_name":"Klaus Truemper","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Truemper","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2195,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2195},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15567608,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"8","first_page":"725","last_page":"742"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9721999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9721999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9696000218391418,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9587000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9109147787094116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spell","display_name":"Spell","score":0.887212336063385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.7638741135597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5728889107704163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5625548362731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4958542287349701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.08969387412071228}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9109147787094116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780957641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999796","display_name":"Spell","level":2,"score":0.887212336063385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.7638741135597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5728889107704163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5625548362731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4958542287349701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.08969387412071228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/088395199117199","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/088395199117199","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125501549","display_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0883-9514","issn":["0883-9514","1087-6545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4287256643","https://openalex.org/W2745258745","https://openalex.org/W4296626305","https://openalex.org/W4287269020","https://openalex.org/W4254978807","https://openalex.org/W4307454463","https://openalex.org/W4287201819","https://openalex.org/W4387904771","https://openalex.org/W4230790962","https://openalex.org/W4253079800"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"describes":[2],"a":[3,41],"spell":[4,56],"checking":[5],"system":[6,16,36,63],"that":[7,13,61,89,97,123],"learns":[8],"user":[9,43],"behavior.":[10],"Based":[11],"on":[12,38],"insight,":[14],"the":[15,53,62,71,81,86,93,117],"with":[17],"high":[18],"likelihood":[19],"suggests":[20],"correct":[21,30,82,114],"replacements":[22],"for":[23,76,101],"incorrect":[24,78,125],"words":[25,31],"and":[26,46,55,67,107],"declares":[27],"unknown,":[28],"but":[29,96],"to":[32,50,112],"be":[33,113],"correct.":[34,130],"The":[35],"relies":[37],"three":[39],"dictionaries,":[40],"so-called":[42],"history":[44],"file,":[45],"two":[47],"logic":[48],"modules":[49],"carry":[51],"out":[52],"learning":[54],"checking.":[57],"Tests":[58],"have":[59],"proved":[60],"is":[64],"very":[65],"fast":[66],"highly":[68],"reliable.":[69],"Specifically,":[70],"top":[72],"ranked":[73],"replacement":[74],"word":[75,79,83,126],"an":[77,124],"was":[80,120,127],"96%":[84],"of":[85,116],"time.":[87,118],"Words":[88],"were":[90,99,110],"not":[91],"in":[92],"large":[94],"dictionary":[95],"nevertheless":[98],"correct,":[100],"example,":[102],"persons'":[103],"names,":[104],"compound":[105],"words,":[106],"control":[108],"commands,":[109],"declared":[111],"82%":[115],"It":[119],"never":[121],"observed":[122],"accepted":[128],"as":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}