{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2029277339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839519508945471","title":"UNIFIED APPROACH TO LEARNING FOR COMPLEX REAL-WORLD DOMAINS","display_name":"UNIFIED APPROACH TO LEARNING FOR COMPLEX REAL-WORLD DOMAINS","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2029277339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839519508945471","mag":"2029277339"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/08839519508945471","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839519508945471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125501549","display_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0883-9514","issn":["0883-9514","1087-6545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048085483","display_name":"Franz Schmalhofer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"FRANZ SCHMALHOFER","raw_affiliation_strings":["\n German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Kaiserslautern, Germany","German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\n German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009140383","display_name":"Thomas Reinartz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"THOMAS REINARTZ","raw_affiliation_strings":["\n German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Kaiserslautern, Germany","German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\n German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041704380","display_name":"Bidjan Tschaitschian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"BIDJAN TSCHAITSCHIAN","raw_affiliation_strings":["\n German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Kaiserslautern, Germany","German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\n German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048085483"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"],"apc_list":{"value":2195,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2195},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1364,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81705974,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"127","last_page":"156"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11810","display_name":"Complex Systems and Decision Making","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9610999822616577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8269859552383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unification","display_name":"Unification","score":0.6926409602165222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.6581212282180786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.6270564198493958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soundness","display_name":"Soundness","score":0.5773410797119141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5484850406646729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.46701863408088684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4631845951080322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german","display_name":"German","score":0.435011088848114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4134688377380371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.33387237787246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.20792609453201294}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8269859552383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96146094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609057","display_name":"Unification","level":2,"score":0.6926409602165222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.6581212282180786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.6270564198493958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693083","display_name":"Soundness","level":2,"score":0.5773410797119141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5484850406646729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.46701863408088684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4631845951080322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.435011088848114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4134688377380371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.33387237787246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.20792609453201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/08839519508945471","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839519508945471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125501549","display_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0883-9514","issn":["0883-9514","1087-6545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62053915","https://openalex.org/W64998344","https://openalex.org/W105283404","https://openalex.org/W127666120","https://openalex.org/W199881545","https://openalex.org/W1485866154","https://openalex.org/W1495450148","https://openalex.org/W1512766599","https://openalex.org/W1520535828","https://openalex.org/W1531821145","https://openalex.org/W1591208442","https://openalex.org/W1625142157","https://openalex.org/W1674085642","https://openalex.org/W1715833410","https://openalex.org/W1860690667","https://openalex.org/W1875166026","https://openalex.org/W1929202547","https://openalex.org/W1992880122","https://openalex.org/W2004162112","https://openalex.org/W2005814556","https://openalex.org/W2024868117","https://openalex.org/W2025339139","https://openalex.org/W2031795227","https://openalex.org/W2045300586","https://openalex.org/W2054680307","https://openalex.org/W2073308541","https://openalex.org/W2084335986","https://openalex.org/W2101217972","https://openalex.org/W2123645908","https://openalex.org/W2159525276","https://openalex.org/W2163514996","https://openalex.org/W2316166351","https://openalex.org/W2339411097","https://openalex.org/W2397891906","https://openalex.org/W2531563875","https://openalex.org/W2549046034","https://openalex.org/W3022878487","https://openalex.org/W3127672696","https://openalex.org/W4206140093","https://openalex.org/W4232360926","https://openalex.org/W4239492058","https://openalex.org/W4245349101","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6633137678"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1511249877","https://openalex.org/W1578828174","https://openalex.org/W2000943029","https://openalex.org/W2950376466","https://openalex.org/W1969483203","https://openalex.org/W2466303427","https://openalex.org/W4302559785","https://openalex.org/W4226437312","https://openalex.org/W2949331520","https://openalex.org/W4387732453"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1,36],"paper":[2],"presents":[3],"the":[4,14,60,81],"unified":[5],"approach":[6],"to":[7,25,50,77,104],"machine":[8],"learning":[9,70],"and":[10,54,93],"knowledge":[11],"acquisition":[12,21],"in":[13],"Case-Oriented":[15],"Expert":[16],"(COEx)":[17],"system":[18,71],"architecture.":[19],"Knowledge":[20],"techniques":[22],"are":[23,57],"used":[24],"delineate":[26],"a":[27,42,66],"problem":[28,62],"class":[29],"hierarchy":[30,37],"for":[31,59,110],"complex":[32],"real-world":[33],"planning":[34],"tasks.":[35],"is":[38,47,65,75],"stepwise":[39],"formalized":[40],"into":[41],"KL-ONE-like":[43],"representation.":[44],"Explanation-based":[45],"abstraction":[46],"then":[48],"applied":[49,76],"previously":[51],"solved":[52],"cases,":[53],"procedure":[55],"schemata":[56],"constructed":[58],"different":[61],"classes.":[63],"COEx":[64],"type":[67],"of":[68,86],"apprenticeship":[69],"where":[72],"reversed":[73],"engineering":[74],"success":[78],"cases":[79],"from":[80],"real":[82],"world.":[83],"An":[84],"evaluation":[85],"this":[87],"unification":[88],"reveals":[89],"its":[90],"conceptual":[91],"soundness":[92],"several":[94],"technical":[95],"problems.":[96],"Additional":[97],"informationNotes":[98],"on":[99],"contributorsFRANZ":[100],"SCHMALHOFER":[101],"Address":[102],"correspondence":[103],"Franz":[105],"Schmalhofer,":[106],"German":[107],"Research":[108],"Center":[109],"Artificial":[111],"Intelligence,":[112],"University":[113],"Building":[114],"57,":[115],"Erwin-Schrodinger-Strasse,":[116],"Postfach":[117],"2080,":[118],"67608":[119],"Kaiserslautern,":[120],"Germany.":[121],"E-mail:":[122],"schmalho@dfki.uni-kl.de.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}