{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2027343877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839518908949923","title":"CAUSAL MODELS AS INTELLIGENT LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING EDUCATION","display_name":"CAUSAL MODELS AS INTELLIGENT LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING EDUCATION","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2027343877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839518908949923","mag":"2027343877"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/08839518908949923","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839518908949923","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125501549","display_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0883-9514","issn":["0883-9514","1087-6545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022504972","display_name":"Barbara Y. White","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139849","display_name":"Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04jcfwb48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"BARBARA Y. WHITE","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bolt Beranek & Newman Inc, 10 Moulton Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138","Bolt Beranek & Newman, Inc., Cambridge, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bolt Beranek & Newman Inc, 10 Moulton Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bolt Beranek & Newman, Inc., Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053873144","display_name":"John R. Frederiksen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139849","display_name":"Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04jcfwb48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"JOHN R. FREDERIKSEN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bolt Beranek & Newman Inc, 10 Moulton Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138","Bolt Beranek & Newman, Inc., Cambridge, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bolt Beranek & Newman Inc, 10 Moulton Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bolt Beranek & Newman, Inc., Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139849"],"apc_list":{"value":2195,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2195},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.1801,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96662201,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"2-3","first_page":"167","last_page":"190"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14394","display_name":"Cognitive Science and Education Research","score":0.9509999752044678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9459999799728394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7750376462936401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.7257457971572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-model","display_name":"Causal model","score":0.6703472137451172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-model","display_name":"Mental model","score":0.5283625721931458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48737531900405884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.43669265508651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.43590667843818665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.41979825496673584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-and-engineering","display_name":"Science and engineering","score":0.4101802706718445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.36647769808769226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.3614567518234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3468145430088043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.1467631757259369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.12761002779006958}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7750376462936401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.7257457971572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.6703472137451172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982912361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1851867","display_name":"Mental model","level":2,"score":0.5283625721931458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48737531900405884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.43669265508651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.43590667843818665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.41979825496673584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993955422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Science and engineering","level":2,"score":0.4101802706718445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.36647769808769226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3614567518234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3468145430088043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.1467631757259369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.12761002779006958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/08839518908949923","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839518908949923","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125501549","display_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0883-9514","issn":["0883-9514","1087-6545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W234817196","https://openalex.org/W344398675","https://openalex.org/W630444395","https://openalex.org/W1530008426","https://openalex.org/W1564464604","https://openalex.org/W1587833733","https://openalex.org/W1638023448","https://openalex.org/W1778685146","https://openalex.org/W1972385365","https://openalex.org/W1976542740","https://openalex.org/W1980909828","https://openalex.org/W1983302107","https://openalex.org/W1992688793","https://openalex.org/W2014019937","https://openalex.org/W2028660931","https://openalex.org/W2036942355","https://openalex.org/W2041285360","https://openalex.org/W2045300586","https://openalex.org/W2048225703","https://openalex.org/W2051747042","https://openalex.org/W2053190303","https://openalex.org/W2054972104","https://openalex.org/W2059694633","https://openalex.org/W2075434229","https://openalex.org/W2140627345","https://openalex.org/W2168986749","https://openalex.org/W2317284272","https://openalex.org/W2549755291","https://openalex.org/W2989847592","https://openalex.org/W3107271803","https://openalex.org/W4250414387","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6636804425"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2329452785","https://openalex.org/W2356380379","https://openalex.org/W3027915305","https://openalex.org/W3107474891","https://openalex.org/W2364808845","https://openalex.org/W638547049","https://openalex.org/W2099342731","https://openalex.org/W1966887313","https://openalex.org/W2998502388","https://openalex.org/W1974731394"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"AI":[0],"research":[1],"in":[2,71,130,137,165],"qualitative":[3],"physics":[4],"and":[5,16,122],"causal":[6,82,134],"models":[7,26,84,106,152,198],"suggests":[8],"new":[9],"approaches":[10],"to":[11,28,30,56,73,80,95,132,145,148,191],"teaching":[12],"people":[13],"about":[14],"science":[15],"engineering.":[17],"We":[18],"have":[19,41,62,96,144],"been":[20],"investigating":[21],"the":[22,51,87,109,120,138,171,184],"form":[23],"that":[24,70,107,129],"such":[25,117],"need":[27,79,103],"take":[29],"be":[31,54,146],"effective":[32],"within":[33],"intelligent":[34],"learning":[35],"environments.":[36],"The":[37,67,125,162],"subject":[38],"matter":[39],"we":[40],"focused":[42],"on":[43],"is":[44,69,92,128],"understanding":[45,135],"how":[46,86],"electrical":[47],"circuits":[48],"work,":[49],"but":[50,114],"approach":[52],"can":[53],"generalized":[55],"other":[57],"subjects.":[58],"Two":[59],"key":[60],"hypotheses":[61],"emerged":[63],"from":[64,112],"our":[65],"research.":[66],"first":[68],"order":[72,131],"understand":[74],"a":[75,98,193],"physical":[76],"system,":[77],"students":[78,102,143,190],"acquire":[81,192],"mental":[83,100,105,160],"for":[85,189],"system":[88],"works.":[89],"Further,":[90],"it":[91],"not":[93],"enough":[94],"just":[97],"single":[99],"model;":[101],"alternative":[104],"represent":[108],"systems":[110],"behavior":[111],"different":[113],"related":[115],"perspectives,":[116],"as":[118],"at":[119],"macroscopic":[121],"microscopic":[123],"levels.":[124],"second":[126],"hypothesis":[127],"make":[133],"feasible":[136],"initial":[139,180],"stages":[140],"of":[141,173,179,186,197],"learning,":[142],"introduced":[147],"simplified":[149],"models.":[150,161],"These":[151],"are":[153,170,183],"then":[154],"gradually":[155],"refined":[156],"into":[157],"more":[158,194],"sophisticated":[159],"questions":[163],"addressed":[164],"this":[166],"article":[167],"are:":[168],"What":[169,182],"properties":[172],"an":[174],"easily":[175],"learnable,":[176],"coherent":[177],"set":[178,196],"models?":[181],"types":[185],"evolutions":[187],"needed":[188],"powerful":[195],"with":[199],"broad":[200],"utility?":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
