{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2029429495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839518908949919","title":"INTRODUCING META-LEVELS TO QUALITATIVE REASONING","display_name":"INTRODUCING META-LEVELS TO QUALITATIVE REASONING","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2029429495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839518908949919","mag":"2029429495"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/08839518908949919","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839518908949919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125501549","display_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0883-9514","issn":["0883-9514","1087-6545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074984704","display_name":"Bert Bredeweg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5281-2786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"BERT BREDEWEG","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social Science Informatics , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, 1016 BS, The Netherlands","University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social Science Informatics , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, 1016 BS, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074984704"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"apc_list":{"value":2195,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2195},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4818,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72579697,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"2-3","first_page":"85","last_page":"100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-reasoning","display_name":"Qualitative reasoning","score":0.9039500951766968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8136520385742188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viewpoints","display_name":"Viewpoints","score":0.7735599875450134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.6449928283691406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-based-reasoning","display_name":"Model-based reasoning","score":0.5453566312789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-research","display_name":"Qualitative research","score":0.519374430179596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reasoning-system","display_name":"Reasoning system","score":0.47706806659698486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deductive-reasoning","display_name":"Deductive reasoning","score":0.4404246211051941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-intelligence","display_name":"Spatial intelligence","score":0.435413122177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.3935118019580841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38153165578842163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-representation-and-reasoning","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","score":0.2058711051940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.1201859712600708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.06007122993469238}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83725634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268699","display_name":"Qualitative reasoning","level":2,"score":0.9039500951766968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8136520385742188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7928819","display_name":"Viewpoints","level":2,"score":0.7735599875450134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.6449928283691406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37335422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888134","display_name":"Model-based reasoning","level":3,"score":0.5453566312789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.519374430179596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89288958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7301504","display_name":"Reasoning system","level":2,"score":0.47706806659698486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97364631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484284","display_name":"Deductive reasoning","level":2,"score":0.4404246211051941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155911833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3817354","display_name":"Spatial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.435413122177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3935118019580841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38153165578842163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2058711051940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.1201859712600708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.06007122993469238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/08839518908949919","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839518908949919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125501549","display_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0883-9514","issn":["0883-9514","1087-6545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85205105","https://openalex.org/W96305443","https://openalex.org/W172699314","https://openalex.org/W2017103958","https://openalex.org/W2053190303","https://openalex.org/W2168986749","https://openalex.org/W2912848477","https://openalex.org/W4245478427","https://openalex.org/W6648000157"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1540734423","https://openalex.org/W2347305376","https://openalex.org/W2395908292","https://openalex.org/W1517957937","https://openalex.org/W1523730659","https://openalex.org/W4242713856","https://openalex.org/W1974525301","https://openalex.org/W2793985749","https://openalex.org/W2365269927","https://openalex.org/W3081308103"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Current":[0],"approaches":[1,71],"to":[2,42,49,72],"qualitative":[3,25,73,89],"reasoning":[4,21,74,90],"are":[5],"largely":[6],"based":[7],"on":[8,19,40],"a":[9,59,64,84,87],"fixed":[10],"framework":[11,65,79],"for":[12,86],"modeling":[13],"the":[14,20,44,55,68],"physical":[15,45,56],"world":[16,57],"and":[17,37,75],"concentrate":[18],"methods":[22],"that":[23,30,52,66],"support":[24],"reasoning.":[26],"This":[27],"paper":[28],"argues":[29],"we":[31],"need":[32],"several":[33],"levels":[34],"of":[35],"abstraction":[36],"different":[38],"viewpoints":[39],"how":[41,77],"model":[43],"world,":[46],"in":[47,58],"order":[48],"create":[50],"systems":[51],"reason":[53],"about":[54],"flexible":[60,88],"way.":[61],"We":[62],"present":[63],"integrates":[67],"three":[69],"basic":[70],"show":[76],"this":[78],"can":[80],"be":[81],"used":[82],"as":[83],"basis":[85],"system.":[91]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}