{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4309564344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2022.2146853","title":"Deep Learning Approach For Objects Detection in Underwater Pipeline Images","display_name":"Deep Learning Approach For Objects Detection in Underwater Pipeline Images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4309564344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2022.2146853"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/08839514.2022.2146853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2022.2146853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125501549","display_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0883-9514","issn":["0883-9514","1087-6545"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2022.2146853","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085823413","display_name":"Boris Ga\u0161parovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6052-8785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154347574","display_name":"University of Rijeka","ror":"https://ror.org/05r8dqr10","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boris Ga\u0161parovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rijeka","Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, University of Rijeka, RIjeka, Croatia","Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, RIjeka, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6052-8785","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rijeka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, University of Rijeka, RIjeka, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, RIjeka, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014073915","display_name":"Jonatan Lerga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4058-8449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154347574","display_name":"University of Rijeka","ror":"https://ror.org/05r8dqr10","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jonatan Lerga","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rijeka","Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, University of Rijeka, RIjeka, Croatia","Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, RIjeka, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4058-8449","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rijeka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, University of Rijeka, RIjeka, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, RIjeka, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088320075","display_name":"Goran Mau\u0161a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0643-4577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154347574","display_name":"University of Rijeka","ror":"https://ror.org/05r8dqr10","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Goran Mau\u0161a","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rijeka","Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, University of Rijeka, RIjeka, Croatia","Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, RIjeka, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0643-4577","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rijeka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, University of Rijeka, RIjeka, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, RIjeka, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065120677","display_name":"Marina Iva\u0161i\u0107-Kos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1940-5089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154347574","display_name":"University of Rijeka","ror":"https://ror.org/05r8dqr10","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marina Iva\u0161i\u0107-Kos","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rijeka","Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, University of Rijeka, RIjeka, Croatia","Faculty of Informatics and Digital Technologies, University of Rijeka, RIjeka, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1940-5089","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rijeka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, University of Rijeka, RIjeka, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Informatics and Digital Technologies, University of Rijeka, RIjeka, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014073915"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"],"apc_list":{"value":2195,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2195},"apc_paid":{"value":2195,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2195},"fwci":3.5458,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94274761,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12086","display_name":"Structural Integrity and Reliability Analysis","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12086","display_name":"Structural Integrity and Reliability Analysis","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9807000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8917837142944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.7386300563812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.688953161239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6219515800476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5004057884216309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4762054681777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4558502435684204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3430328369140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.28867268562316895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.16037607192993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.10768961906433105}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8917837142944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.7386300563812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.688953161239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6219515800476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5004057884216309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4762054681777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4558502435684204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3430328369140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.28867268562316895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.16037607192993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.10768961906433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/08839514.2022.2146853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2022.2146853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125501549","display_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0883-9514","issn":["0883-9514","1087-6545"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aabe4a1662fa4380b97025841a5ae73a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aabe4a1662fa4380b97025841a5ae73a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence, Vol 36, Iss 1 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/08839514.2022.2146853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2022.2146853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125501549","display_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0883-9514","issn":["0883-9514","1087-6545"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G409018821","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"uniri-tehnic-18-17; uniri-tehnic-18-15","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F1002590718","funder_display_name":"Sveu\u010dili\u0161te u Rijeci"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F1002590718","display_name":"Sveu\u010dili\u0161te u Rijeci","ror":"https://ror.org/05r8dqr10"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1991425210","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2125771636","https://openalex.org/W2145885328","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2559655401","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2591930867","https://openalex.org/W2603773317","https://openalex.org/W2766648222","https://openalex.org/W2801177523","https://openalex.org/W2884367402","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2964095005","https://openalex.org/W2991100582","https://openalex.org/W2992308087","https://openalex.org/W2997127923","https://openalex.org/W3009758881","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3042011474","https://openalex.org/W3095095453","https://openalex.org/W3149592957","https://openalex.org/W3176160388","https://openalex.org/W3180134609","https://openalex.org/W3180746471","https://openalex.org/W3200877390","https://openalex.org/W3202992327","https://openalex.org/W3217445779","https://openalex.org/W4205691036","https://openalex.org/W6750227808"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388412763","https://openalex.org/W1999583034","https://openalex.org/W2949096641","https://openalex.org/W4380075502","https://openalex.org/W4315498985","https://openalex.org/W2970686063","https://openalex.org/W4320729701","https://openalex.org/W4254103348","https://openalex.org/W3210378990","https://openalex.org/W3034745255"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,85,158],"this":[1,190,198],"paper,":[2,87],"we":[3],"present":[4,43],"automatic,":[5],"deep-learning":[6,90],"methods":[7],"for":[8,19,39,50,93,166],"pipeline":[9,156,168],"detection":[10,96,134,170],"in":[11,131,172,183,197],"underwater":[12,94,155,167],"environments.":[13],"Seafloor":[14],"pipelines":[15,28],"are":[16,102],"critical":[17],"infrastructure":[18],"oil":[20],"and":[21,35,57,62,99,117,140],"gas":[22],"transport.":[23],"The":[24,126],"inspection":[25],"of":[26,82,133,175,193],"those":[27],"is":[29,48,191],"required":[30],"to":[31,54,180],"verify":[32],"their":[33],"integrity":[34],"determine":[36],"the":[37,86,105,120,145,159,161,178,187,194],"need":[38],"maintenance.":[40],"Underwater":[41],"conditions":[42],"a":[44,79,151],"harsh":[45],"environment":[46],"that":[47],"challenging":[49],"image":[51,67],"recognition":[52],"due":[53],"light":[55],"refraction":[56],"absorption,":[58],"poor":[59,66],"visibility,":[60],"scattering,":[61],"attenuation,":[63],"often":[64],"causing":[65],"quality.":[68,84],"Modern":[69],"machine-learning":[70],"object":[71,95,169],"detectors":[72,92],"utilize":[73],"Convolutional":[74],"Neural":[75],"Network":[76],"(CNN),":[77],"requiring":[78],"training":[80],"dataset":[81,153],"sufficient":[83],"six":[88],"different":[89],"CNN":[91,123],"were":[97,129],"trained":[98],"tested:":[100],"five":[101],"based":[103],"on":[104,119,150,186],"You":[106],"Only":[107],"Look":[108],"Once":[109],"(YOLO)":[110],"architectures":[111],"(YOLOv4,":[112],"YOLOv4-Tiny,":[113],"CSP-YOLOv4,":[114],"YOLOv4@Resnet,":[115],"YOLOv4@DenseNet),":[116],"one":[118,192],"Faster":[121],"Region-based":[122],"(RCNN)":[124],"architecture.":[125],"models\u2019":[127],"performances":[128],"evaluated":[130],"terms":[132],"accuracy,":[135],"mean":[136],"average":[137],"precision":[138],"(mAP),":[139],"processing":[141],"speed":[142],"measured":[143],"with":[144,177],"Frames":[146],"Per":[147],"Second":[148],"(FPS)":[149],"custom":[152],"containing":[154],"images.":[157],"study,":[160],"YOLOv4":[162],"outperformed":[163],"other":[164],"models":[165],"resulting":[171],"an":[173],"mAP":[174],"94.21%":[176],"ability":[179],"detect":[181],"objects":[182],"real-time.":[184],"Based":[185],"literature":[188],"review,":[189],"pioneering":[195],"works":[196],"field.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
