{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3005537532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2020.1723875","title":"Driver Fatigue Detection Using Viola Jones and Principal Component Analysis","display_name":"Driver Fatigue Detection Using Viola Jones and Principal Component Analysis","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3005537532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2020.1723875","mag":"3005537532"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/08839514.2020.1723875","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2020.1723875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125501549","display_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0883-9514","issn":["0883-9514","1087-6545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038933867","display_name":"Bahjat Fatima","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bahjat Fatima","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101954987","display_name":"Ahmad Raza Shahid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7520-6770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad R. Shahid","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016435711","display_name":"Sheikh Ziauddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4504-6470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheikh Ziauddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101789322","display_name":"Asad Safi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0441-6009"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asad Ali Safi","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089818565","display_name":"Huma Ramzan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huma Ramzan","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038933867"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"],"apc_list":{"value":2195,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2195},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.1487,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97365889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"6","first_page":"456","last_page":"483"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.9797999858856201,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8519431948661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaboost","display_name":"AdaBoost","score":0.839645504951477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7234123349189758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.6102879047393799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.6015286445617676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5800909399986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5654410123825073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5569020509719849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.5496538281440735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.541025698184967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viola","display_name":"Viola","score":0.4335804581642151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.2794281840324402}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8519431948661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141404830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823869","display_name":"AdaBoost","level":3,"score":0.839645504951477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7234123349189758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.6102879047393799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.6015286445617676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5800909399986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5654410123825073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5569020509719849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.5496538281440735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.541025698184967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68615497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80284","display_name":"Viola","level":3,"score":0.4335804581642151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.2794281840324402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124086623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5994","display_name":"Piano","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/08839514.2020.1723875","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2020.1723875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125501549","display_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0883-9514","issn":["0883-9514","1087-6545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d04dfbfcc3484d7695162a5247bf6444","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d04dfbfcc3484d7695162a5247bf6444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence, Vol 34, Iss 6, Pp 456-483 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1004341352","https://openalex.org/W1484788869","https://openalex.org/W1904743522","https://openalex.org/W1965464424","https://openalex.org/W1968491230","https://openalex.org/W1968952909","https://openalex.org/W1984339356","https://openalex.org/W1993192093","https://openalex.org/W1995083341","https://openalex.org/W1998393984","https://openalex.org/W2021854396","https://openalex.org/W2037342016","https://openalex.org/W2049853010","https://openalex.org/W2052770734","https://openalex.org/W2057363427","https://openalex.org/W2069484217","https://openalex.org/W2077724816","https://openalex.org/W2088048205","https://openalex.org/W2098428871","https://openalex.org/W2111432100","https://openalex.org/W2118877769","https://openalex.org/W2120598715","https://openalex.org/W2158172993","https://openalex.org/W2230216596","https://openalex.org/W2312798031","https://openalex.org/W2326965557","https://openalex.org/W2340493531","https://openalex.org/W2521159789","https://openalex.org/W3012786938","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W4236055831","https://openalex.org/W4238674207","https://openalex.org/W4253200348"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096042813","https://openalex.org/W2047758967","https://openalex.org/W2294130405","https://openalex.org/W2242267494","https://openalex.org/W2116589437","https://openalex.org/W2392583168","https://openalex.org/W2373143428","https://openalex.org/W2063332791","https://openalex.org/W2041461853","https://openalex.org/W1877595604"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,101],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,21,104],"have":[4],"proposed":[5,37,120],"a":[6,26],"low-cost":[7],"solution":[8],"for":[9,128],"driver":[10,35,50],"fatigue":[11],"detection":[12],"based":[13],"on":[14,28,73,83],"micro-sleep":[15,86],"patterns.":[16],"Contrary":[17],"to":[18,63,95],"conventional":[19],"methods,":[20],"acquired":[22],"images":[23],"by":[24],"placing":[25],"camera":[27,55],"the":[29,34,49,54,74,97,136,138],"extreme":[30],"left":[31],"side":[32],"of":[33,141],"and":[36,44,80,90,114,124,130,143,147],"two":[38],"algorithms":[39],"that":[40],"facilitate":[41],"accurate":[42,126],"face":[43,129],"eye":[45,66,76,84,131],"detections,":[46],"even":[47],"when":[48,99],"is":[51,67,71,93,145],"not":[52],"facing":[53],"or":[56,69],"driver\u2019s":[57],"eyes":[58],"are":[59,88],"closed.":[60],"The":[61,119],"classification":[62],"find":[64],"whether":[65],"closed":[68],"open":[70],"done":[72],"right":[75],"only":[77],"using":[78],"SVM":[79,142],"Adaboost.":[81],"Based":[82],"states,":[85],"patterns":[87],"determined":[89],"an":[91],"alarm":[92],"triggered":[94],"warn":[96],"driver,":[98],"needed.":[100],"our":[102],"dataset,":[103],"considered":[105],"multiple":[106],"subjects":[107],"from":[108],"both":[109],"genders,":[110],"having":[111],"different":[112,116],"appearances":[113],"under":[115],"lightning":[117],"conditions.":[118],"scheme":[121],"gives":[122],"99.9%":[123],"98.7%":[125],"results":[127],"detection,":[132],"respectively.":[133,149],"For":[134],"all":[135],"subjects,":[137],"average":[139],"accuracy":[140],"Adaboost":[144],"96.5%":[146],"95.4%,":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
