{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2083267370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839510802631745","title":"AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF LEARNER'S AFFECT FROM GROSS BODY LANGUAGE","display_name":"AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF LEARNER'S AFFECT FROM GROSS BODY LANGUAGE","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-02-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2083267370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839510802631745","mag":"2083267370"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/08839510802631745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839510802631745","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/08839510802631745?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125501549","display_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0883-9514","issn":["0883-9514","1087-6545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/08839510802631745?download=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008316506","display_name":"Sidney K. D\u2019Mello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0347-2807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sidney D'Mello","raw_affiliation_strings":["\n                   \n               The University of Memphis, Department of Computer Science, Memphis, Tennessee","The University of Memphis, Department of Computer Science , Memphis, Tennessee"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\n                   \n               The University of Memphis, Department of Computer Science, Memphis, Tennessee","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Memphis, Department of Computer Science , Memphis, Tennessee","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111992632","display_name":"Art Graesser","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Art Graesser","raw_affiliation_strings":["\n                   \n               The University of Memphis, Department of Computer Science, Memphis, Tennessee","The University of Memphis, Department of Computer Science , Memphis, Tennessee"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\n                   \n               The University of Memphis, Department of Computer Science, Memphis, Tennessee","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Memphis, Department of Computer Science , Memphis, Tennessee","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008316506"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"],"apc_list":{"value":2195,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2195},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.72134371,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":144,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99280152,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"123","last_page":"150"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11820","display_name":"Learning Styles and Cognitive Differences","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boredom","display_name":"Boredom","score":0.7828167080879211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.7765339016914368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.672313392162323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","score":0.6241760849952698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5829949378967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.539149820804596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arousal","display_name":"Arousal","score":0.45370903611183167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.36835533380508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3250454068183899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2559203505516052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.1562914252281189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.1206820011138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.0940115749835968}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777589236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34255","display_name":"Boredom","level":2,"score":0.7828167080879211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7765339016914368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.672313392162323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.6241760849952698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5829949378967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.539149820804596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36951298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379784","display_name":"Arousal","level":2,"score":0.45370903611183167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.36835533380508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3250454068183899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2559203505516052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.1562914252281189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.1206820011138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0940115749835968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/08839510802631745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839510802631745","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/08839510802631745?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125501549","display_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0883-9514","issn":["0883-9514","1087-6545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/08839510802631745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08839510802631745","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/08839510802631745?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125501549","display_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0883-9514","issn":["0883-9514","1087-6545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2083267370.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2083267370.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8961349","https://openalex.org/W46500007","https://openalex.org/W117541496","https://openalex.org/W143643054","https://openalex.org/W170457780","https://openalex.org/W178505241","https://openalex.org/W1129731247","https://openalex.org/W1514944708","https://openalex.org/W1530785623","https://openalex.org/W1531700100","https://openalex.org/W1541709368","https://openalex.org/W1570448133","https://openalex.org/W1578097852","https://openalex.org/W1644367566","https://openalex.org/W1793541250","https://openalex.org/W1854318472","https://openalex.org/W1941267885","https://openalex.org/W1951445929","https://openalex.org/W1964716415","https://openalex.org/W1976920801","https://openalex.org/W1982709543","https://openalex.org/W1990134054","https://openalex.org/W1997060370","https://openalex.org/W1998550768","https://openalex.org/W2006803106","https://openalex.org/W2023397245","https://openalex.org/W2024509488","https://openalex.org/W2047728481","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2052977543","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2053782908","https://openalex.org/W2055894321","https://openalex.org/W2089745666","https://openalex.org/W2096052074","https://openalex.org/W2099482242","https://openalex.org/W2115072186","https://openalex.org/W2117342357","https://openalex.org/W2120945046","https://openalex.org/W2136091964","https://openalex.org/W2136231786","https://openalex.org/W2136879928","https://openalex.org/W2146443557","https://openalex.org/W2151562475","https://openalex.org/W2156140659","https://openalex.org/W2158232862","https://openalex.org/W2158685692","https://openalex.org/W2158778548","https://openalex.org/W2165079349","https://openalex.org/W2171939880","https://openalex.org/W2215343611","https://openalex.org/W2293299267","https://openalex.org/W2339343773","https://openalex.org/W2495014486","https://openalex.org/W2503911469","https://openalex.org/W2610930722","https://openalex.org/W2626906451","https://openalex.org/W2734772541","https://openalex.org/W2911336608","https://openalex.org/W2966207845","https://openalex.org/W2995034616","https://openalex.org/W3129711340","https://openalex.org/W3147653952","https://openalex.org/W4229926969","https://openalex.org/W4243716403","https://openalex.org/W4247204862","https://openalex.org/W4248595566","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W318616257","https://openalex.org/W3118254946","https://openalex.org/W3026775601","https://openalex.org/W2917043877","https://openalex.org/W2035863303","https://openalex.org/W2139976611","https://openalex.org/W4386479718","https://openalex.org/W4234657158","https://openalex.org/W3121061808","https://openalex.org/W4285999297"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,89,139],"explored":[1],"the":[2,44,53,71,75,78,86,96,104,110,117,128,147,151,165,174,181],"reliability":[3],"of":[4,82,93,114,125,133,137,154,164,180,191],"detecting":[5,203],"learners'":[6,45],"affect":[7,188],"by":[8,52,74],"monitoring":[9],"their":[10],"gross":[11],"body":[12,63],"language":[13],"(body":[14],"position":[15],"and":[16,28,57,80,112,130,169,196,208,219,229,238],"arousal)":[17],"during":[18,85,119],"interactions":[19],"with":[20,40,109,150,231],"an":[21],"intelligent":[22],"tutoring":[23,87],"system":[24,66],"called":[25],"AutoTutor.":[26],"Training":[27],"validation":[29],"data":[30,142,176],"on":[31,77,103],"affective":[32,46,148,221],"states":[33,47,222],"were":[34,50,225],"collected":[35],"in":[36,116,202],"a":[37,55,83,167],"learning":[38],"session":[39],"AutoTutor,":[41],"after":[42],"which":[43],"(i.e.,":[48],"emotions)":[49],"rated":[51],"learner,":[54,166],"peer,":[56,168],"two":[58,91,152,170,182],"trained":[59,171,183],"judges.":[60,184],"An":[61],"automated":[62],"pressure":[64,72,97,106,118,155],"measurement":[65],"was":[67],"used":[68],"to":[69,162],"capture":[70],"exerted":[73],"learner":[76],"seat":[79],"back":[81],"chair":[84],"session.":[88],"extracted":[90],"sets":[92,143,153],"features":[94,126],"from":[95,210],"maps.":[98],"The":[99,122,157],"first":[100,158],"set":[101,124,177],"focused":[102],"average":[105],"exerted,":[107],"along":[108],"magnitude":[111],"direction":[113],"changes":[115],"emotional":[120],"experiences.":[121],"second":[123],"monitored":[127],"spatial":[129],"temporal":[131],"properties":[132],"naturally":[134],"occurring":[135],"pockets":[136],"pressure.":[138],"constructed":[140],"five":[141,220],"that":[144],"temporally":[145],"integrated":[146,178],"judgments":[149,163,179],"features.":[156],"four":[159],"datasets":[160],"corresponded":[161],"judges,":[172],"whereas":[173],"final":[175],"Machine-learning":[185],"experiments":[186],"yielded":[187],"detection":[189],"accuracies":[190],"73%,":[192],"72%,":[193],"70%,":[194],"83%,":[195],"74%,":[197],"respectively":[198],"(chance":[199],"=":[200],"50%)":[201],"boredom,":[204],"confusion,":[205],"delight,":[206],"flow,":[207],"frustration,":[209],"neutral.":[211],"Accuracies":[212],"involving":[213],"discriminations":[214],"between":[215],"two,":[216],"three,":[217],"four,":[218],"(excluding":[223],"neutral)":[224],"71%,":[226],"55%,":[227],"46%,":[228],"40%":[230],"chance":[232],"rates":[233],"being":[234],"50%,":[235],"33%,":[236],"25%,":[237],"20%,":[239],"respectively.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}