{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1704987620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.1986.11517754","title":"Controlling Bias in User Assertions in Expert Decision Support Systems for Problem Formulation","display_name":"Controlling Bias in User Assertions in Expert Decision Support Systems for Problem Formulation","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1704987620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.1986.11517754","mag":"1704987620"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/07421222.1986.11517754","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.1986.11517754","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9954729","display_name":"Journal of Management Information Systems","issn_l":"0742-1222","issn":["0742-1222","1557-928X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Management Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072765215","display_name":"David Paradice","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0287-3249"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David B. Paradice","raw_affiliation_strings":["View further author information"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"View further author information","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007289826","display_name":"James F. Courtney","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James F. Courtney","raw_affiliation_strings":["View further author information"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"View further author information","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7213,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94956642,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"1","first_page":"52","last_page":"64"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10050","display_name":"Multi-Criteria Decision Making","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-base","display_name":"Knowledge base","score":0.7450932860374451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assertion","display_name":"Assertion","score":0.7193000316619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7025474309921265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subject-matter-expert","display_name":"Subject-matter expert","score":0.5975193381309509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-system","display_name":"Expert system","score":0.5917762517929077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-knowledge","display_name":"Domain knowledge","score":0.5390808582305908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-support-system","display_name":"Decision support system","score":0.5141632556915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4974832832813263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-analysis","display_name":"Path analysis (statistics)","score":0.449327290058136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.4140256345272064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-system","display_name":"Information system","score":0.4105727970600128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3390539884567261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3388930559158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3036080002784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28400668501853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12207922339439392}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.7450932860374451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40422974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741248","display_name":"Assertion","level":2,"score":0.7193000316619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7025474309921265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105002631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4833645","display_name":"Subject-matter expert","level":3,"score":0.5975193381309509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.5917762517929077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.5390808582305908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.5141632556915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4974832832813263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82793941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1046024","display_name":"Path analysis (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.449327290058136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4140256345272064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.4105727970600128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3390539884567261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3388930559158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3036080002784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28400668501853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12207922339439392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/07421222.1986.11517754","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.1986.11517754","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9954729","display_name":"Journal of Management Information Systems","issn_l":"0742-1222","issn":["0742-1222","1557-928X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Management Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W54263584","https://openalex.org/W166665541","https://openalex.org/W219064614","https://openalex.org/W1590784421","https://openalex.org/W1969726465","https://openalex.org/W1977153588","https://openalex.org/W1980718229","https://openalex.org/W1986593743","https://openalex.org/W2005499920","https://openalex.org/W2022738881","https://openalex.org/W2032054156","https://openalex.org/W2040989939","https://openalex.org/W2049435834","https://openalex.org/W2053797370","https://openalex.org/W2056593467","https://openalex.org/W2058819922","https://openalex.org/W2059320169","https://openalex.org/W2060642394","https://openalex.org/W2077619814","https://openalex.org/W2079336979","https://openalex.org/W2082774208","https://openalex.org/W2096449288","https://openalex.org/W2096452841","https://openalex.org/W2140389187","https://openalex.org/W2244692088","https://openalex.org/W2259352500","https://openalex.org/W2312959555","https://openalex.org/W2317975680","https://openalex.org/W2329990173","https://openalex.org/W2335014079","https://openalex.org/W2747801604","https://openalex.org/W2978908610","https://openalex.org/W4236476175","https://openalex.org/W4240118367","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4292157289","https://openalex.org/W4301424608"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2385621242","https://openalex.org/W2367629516","https://openalex.org/W2553860513","https://openalex.org/W1986001501","https://openalex.org/W2086580554","https://openalex.org/W2289473054","https://openalex.org/W2019276034","https://openalex.org/W1523252224","https://openalex.org/W4254566185","https://openalex.org/W1550883778"],"abstract_inverted_index":{":Information":[0],"on":[1,113],"cause-effect":[2,50],"relationships":[3,70,115,162],"among":[4],"variables":[5],"in":[6,16,34,46,118,152,163],"the":[7,35,76,90,93,100,105,138,149,157,164],"problem":[8,22,165],"domain":[9],"is":[10,80,86,116,123,142],"one":[11],"type":[12],"of":[13,160],"knowledge":[14,25,37,101],"required":[15],"expert":[17],"decision":[18],"support":[19],"systems":[20],"for":[21],"formulation.":[23],"This":[24],"must":[26],"be":[27,44],"acquired":[28],"from":[29],"\u201cexpert\u201d":[30],"managers":[31,42],"and":[32,62],"stored":[33],"system\u2019s":[36],"base.":[38],"Unfortunately":[39],"even":[40,103],"experienced":[41],"may":[43,107,131],"biased":[45],"their":[47],"beliefs":[48],"about":[49,156],"relationships.":[51],"We":[52],"present":[53],"a":[54,83,97,119,145],"system":[55,146],"which":[56,122,147],"uses":[57],"causal":[58,161],"modeling,":[59],"path":[60],"analysis,":[61],"an":[63,153],"historical":[64],"database":[65],"to":[66,95,126,135,137,143],"statistically":[67,88],"verify":[68],"asserted":[69],"as":[71],"they":[72],"are":[73],"entered":[74],"into":[75,99],"system.":[77],"Since":[78],"it":[79],"possible":[81],"that":[82],"valid":[84],"assertion":[85],"not":[87,108],"supported,":[89],"user":[91,150],"has":[92],"option":[94],"insert":[96],"relationship":[98],"base":[102],"though":[104],"analysis":[106],"indicate":[109],"statistical":[110],"validity.":[111],"Information":[112],"rejected":[114],"maintained":[117],"\u201crejection":[120],"base\u201d":[121],"used":[124],"later":[125],"retest":[127],"assertions":[128],"whose":[129],"validity":[130],"have":[132],"changed":[133],"due":[134],"updates":[136],"database.":[139],"The":[140],"intent":[141],"provide":[144],"helps":[148],"learn,":[151],"unbiased":[154],"manner,":[155],"true":[158],"nature":[159],"domain.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}