{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285802825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07370024.2022.2084620","title":"Toward a design theory for virtual companionship","display_name":"Toward a design theory for virtual companionship","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285802825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07370024.2022.2084620"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/07370024.2022.2084620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07370024.2022.2084620","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07370024.2022.2084620?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2481449237","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"0737-0024","issn":["0737-0024","1532-7051"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07370024.2022.2084620?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037534858","display_name":"Timo Strohmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4641-3068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94509681","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig","ror":"https://ror.org/010nsgg66","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Timo Strohmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Information Management, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4641-3068","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Information Management, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019909807","display_name":"Dominik Siemon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2945-4167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63548447","display_name":"Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0208vgz68","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63548447"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Siemon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Lahti, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2945-4167","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Lahti, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63548447"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081740595","display_name":"Bijan Khosrawi-Rad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-5385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94509681","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig","ror":"https://ror.org/010nsgg66","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bijan Khosrawi-Rad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Information Management, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-5385","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Information Management, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024856784","display_name":"Susanne Robra-Bissantz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9972-3935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94509681","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig","ror":"https://ror.org/010nsgg66","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susanne Robra-Bissantz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Information Management, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9972-3935","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Information Management, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037534858"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.167,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96916814,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"3-4","first_page":"194","last_page":"234"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14074","display_name":"Persona Design and Applications","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpersonal-relationship","display_name":"Interpersonal relationship","score":0.5347774028778076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4273979067802429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.42211610078811646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.40195325016975403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.2581774592399597}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91034043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223642","display_name":"Interpersonal relationship","level":2,"score":0.5347774028778076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4273979067802429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.42211610078811646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.40195325016975403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2581774592399597}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/07370024.2022.2084620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07370024.2022.2084620","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07370024.2022.2084620?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2481449237","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"0737-0024","issn":["0737-0024","1532-7051"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lutpub.lut.fi:10024/164479","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lutpub.lut.fi/handle/10024/164479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402474","display_name":"LUTPub (LUT University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63548447","host_organization_name":"Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63548447"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/07370024.2022.2084620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07370024.2022.2084620","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07370024.2022.2084620?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2481449237","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"0737-0024","issn":["0737-0024","1532-7051"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312961","display_name":"Higher Education Funding Council for England","ror":"https://ror.org/02wxr8x18"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285802825.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":152,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W42461611","https://openalex.org/W57640832","https://openalex.org/W62247652","https://openalex.org/W114993582","https://openalex.org/W277678522","https://openalex.org/W328214960","https://openalex.org/W589550207","https://openalex.org/W1276866904","https://openalex.org/W1481354592","https://openalex.org/W1493252108","https://openalex.org/W1496253462","https://openalex.org/W1496436366","https://openalex.org/W1514238030","https://openalex.org/W1545825584","https://openalex.org/W1565661599","https://openalex.org/W1566616925","https://openalex.org/W1633346712","https://openalex.org/W1656810637","https://openalex.org/W1736818182","https://openalex.org/W1741471588","https://openalex.org/W1756842549","https://openalex.org/W1791587663","https://openalex.org/W1854552892","https://openalex.org/W1854663754","https://openalex.org/W1983594442","https://openalex.org/W1983733512","https://openalex.org/W1985354288","https://openalex.org/W1985945240","https://openalex.org/W1989918382","https://openalex.org/W1991015565","https://openalex.org/W1996046724","https://openalex.org/W1998575566","https://openalex.org/W2001601153","https://openalex.org/W2006166340","https://openalex.org/W2008073538","https://openalex.org/W2012594940","https://openalex.org/W2014803282","https://openalex.org/W2017297220","https://openalex.org/W2027386927","https://openalex.org/W2029933007","https://openalex.org/W2029966642","https://openalex.org/W2032713758","https://openalex.org/W2048396937","https://openalex.org/W2051292336","https://openalex.org/W2052729098","https://openalex.org/W2055261030","https://openalex.org/W2055666942","https://openalex.org/W2062114445","https://openalex.org/W2062412390","https://openalex.org/W2071559616","https://openalex.org/W2079484041","https://openalex.org/W2081155210","https://openalex.org/W2085123588","https://openalex.org/W2097404405","https://openalex.org/W2100379340","https://openalex.org/W2102960359","https://openalex.org/W2111754733","https://openalex.org/W2116301112","https://openalex.org/W2124566135","https://openalex.org/W2129728332","https://openalex.org/W2134049161","https://openalex.org/W2135589234","https://openalex.org/W2136635136","https://openalex.org/W2141538250","https://openalex.org/W2151020819","https://openalex.org/W2151461605","https://openalex.org/W2153082786","https://openalex.org/W2156897926","https://openalex.org/W2166886466","https://openalex.org/W2168680048","https://openalex.org/W2168745915","https://openalex.org/W2197044395","https://openalex.org/W2241687965","https://openalex.org/W2257140431","https://openalex.org/W2275060590","https://openalex.org/W2275716005","https://openalex.org/W2294044876","https://openalex.org/W2294092020","https://openalex.org/W2318286444","https://openalex.org/W2405187948","https://openalex.org/W2410747306","https://openalex.org/W2488581454","https://openalex.org/W2489837444","https://openalex.org/W2492957416","https://openalex.org/W2499526086","https://openalex.org/W2541319115","https://openalex.org/W2547813422","https://openalex.org/W2551095554","https://openalex.org/W2589387806","https://openalex.org/W2739904528","https://openalex.org/W2742797553","https://openalex.org/W2765480962","https://openalex.org/W2766645357","https://openalex.org/W2786250134","https://openalex.org/W2787471476","https://openalex.org/W2787712888","https://openalex.org/W2794258710","https://openalex.org/W2803612996","https://openalex.org/W2823329128","https://openalex.org/W2891634770","https://openalex.org/W2896893982","https://openalex.org/W2899856450","https://openalex.org/W2900808909","https://openalex.org/W2906473712","https://openalex.org/W2909340128","https://openalex.org/W2911488226","https://openalex.org/W2912187884","https://openalex.org/W2933044734","https://openalex.org/W2939803556","https://openalex.org/W2955056550","https://openalex.org/W2962842124","https://openalex.org/W2965031209","https://openalex.org/W2980174230","https://openalex.org/W2998563994","https://openalex.org/W2999241551","https://openalex.org/W3009936362","https://openalex.org/W3010648781","https://openalex.org/W3012094463","https://openalex.org/W3025799829","https://openalex.org/W3032188892","https://openalex.org/W3082818995","https://openalex.org/W3091953208","https://openalex.org/W3100002139","https://openalex.org/W3102980059","https://openalex.org/W3106700156","https://openalex.org/W3108557809","https://openalex.org/W3109004537","https://openalex.org/W3125770638","https://openalex.org/W3126382704","https://openalex.org/W3127356397","https://openalex.org/W3127525890","https://openalex.org/W3134046199","https://openalex.org/W3151685851","https://openalex.org/W3162165749","https://openalex.org/W3167441732","https://openalex.org/W3170876588","https://openalex.org/W3204753692","https://openalex.org/W3210030168","https://openalex.org/W3215948649","https://openalex.org/W4206671652","https://openalex.org/W4214810114","https://openalex.org/W4230277628","https://openalex.org/W4231317190","https://openalex.org/W4231399809","https://openalex.org/W4236521339","https://openalex.org/W4238585679","https://openalex.org/W4239187549","https://openalex.org/W4239216739","https://openalex.org/W4241430965","https://openalex.org/W4243303053","https://openalex.org/W4248950551","https://openalex.org/W4301357669"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W1596801655"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,16,47,154,156,192],"significant":[2],"technological":[3],"progress":[4],"in":[5,55,72,172],"the":[6,14,20,60,119,142,152],"field":[7],"of":[8,29,144,197],"artificial":[9],"intelligence,":[10],"conversational":[11,57,138,198],"agents":[12,58,139],"have":[13],"potential":[15],"become":[17],"smarter,":[18],"deepen":[19],"interaction":[21],"with":[22,87,135],"their":[23],"users,":[24],"and":[25,65,90,98,117,123,162,165,190,195],"overcome":[26],"a":[27,63,88,112,163,173],"function":[28],"merely":[30],"assisting.":[31],"Since":[32],"humans":[33],"often":[34],"treat":[35],"computers":[36],"as":[37],"social":[38,160],"actors,":[39],"theories":[40,52],"on":[41,182],"interpersonal":[42,158],"relationships":[43,149],"can":[44,70,140,187],"be":[45,188],"applied":[46],"human-machine":[48],"interaction.":[49,167],"Taking":[50],"these":[51],"into":[53],"account":[54],"designing":[56],"provides":[59],"basis":[61],"for":[62,81,177],"collaborative":[64],"benevolent":[66,166],"long-term":[67],"relationship,":[68],"which":[69],"result":[71],"virtual":[73,82,120,129,136,178],"companionship.":[74,83],"However,":[75],"we":[76],"lack":[77],"prescriptive":[78,107],"design":[79,92,102,108,175,185],"knowledge":[80,109],"We":[84,104],"addressed":[85],"this":[86],"systematic":[89],"iterative":[91],"science":[93],"research":[94],"approach,":[95,114],"deriving":[96],"meta-requirements":[97],"five":[99],"theoretically":[100],"grounded":[101],"principles.":[103],"evaluated":[105],"our":[106,184],"by":[110,150],"taking":[111],"two-way":[113],"first":[115],"instantiating":[116],"evaluating":[118],"classmate":[121],"Sarah,":[122],"second":[124],"analyzing":[125],"Replika,":[126],"an":[127],"existing":[128],"companion.":[130],"Our":[131],"results":[132],"show":[133],"that":[134],"companionship,":[137,179],"incorporate":[141],"construct":[143],"companionship":[145],"known":[146],"from":[147],"human-human":[148],"addressing":[151],"need":[153],"belong,":[155],"build":[157],"trust,":[159],"exchange,":[161],"reciprocal":[164],"The":[168],"findings":[169],"are":[170],"summarized":[171],"nascent":[174],"theory":[176],"providing":[180],"guidance":[181],"how":[183],"prescriptions":[186],"instantiated":[189],"adapted":[191],"different":[193],"domains":[194],"applications":[196],"agents.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
