{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2165152490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07370020701638806","title":"SNIF-ACT: A Cognitive Model of User Navigation on the World Wide Web","display_name":"SNIF-ACT: A Cognitive Model of User Navigation on the World Wide Web","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2165152490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07370020701638806","mag":"2165152490"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/07370020701638806","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07370020701638806","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2481449237","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"0737-0024","issn":["0737-0024","1532-7051"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07370020701638806","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104045637","display_name":"Wai\u2010Tat Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","display_name":"University of Illinois System","ror":"https://ror.org/05e94g991","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wai-Tat Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois","Human Factors Division and Beckman Institute and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Factors Division and Beckman Institute and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054775817","display_name":"Peter Pirolli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9018-4880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173498003","display_name":"Palo Alto Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0529fxt39","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173498003","https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Pirolli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Palo Alto Research Center","Palo Alto Research Center Palo Alto CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Palo Alto Research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173498003"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Palo Alto Research Center Palo Alto CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173498003"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":83.0924,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":279,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99893818,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"4","first_page":"355","last_page":"412"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7316489815711975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satisficing","display_name":"Satisficing","score":0.7092413902282715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-navigation","display_name":"Web navigation","score":0.6130325198173523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-page","display_name":"Web page","score":0.5385493040084839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.5013761520385742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4665724039077759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.42357397079467773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-modeling","display_name":"Web modeling","score":0.4234992563724518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3343818187713623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23022928833961487}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7316489815711975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94822996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1777902","display_name":"Satisficing","level":2,"score":0.7092413902282715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61096286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978592","display_name":"Web navigation","level":3,"score":0.6130325198173523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21959979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36774","display_name":"Web page","level":2,"score":0.5385493040084839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.5013761520385742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4665724039077759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.42357397079467773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130436687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978591","display_name":"Web modeling","level":3,"score":0.4234992563724518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3343818187713623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23022928833961487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/07370020701638806","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07370020701638806","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2481449237","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"0737-0024","issn":["0737-0024","1532-7051"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:qt8jz4g3g1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8jz4g3g1","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt8jz4g3g1/qt8jz4g3g1.pdf?t=op2mgo","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fu, Wai-Tat; & Pirolli, Peter. (2007). SNIF-ACT: A Cognitive Model of User Navigation on the World Wide Web. Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Society, 29(29). Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8jz4g3g1","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:ADA462156","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA462156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923043","display_name":"Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"DTIC","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.125.625","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.125.625","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.humanfactors.uiuc.edu/reports&paperspdfs/journalpubs/fupirolli07.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.137.835","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.137.835","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://appliedcogsci.vp.uiuc.edu/papers/snif.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt8jz4g3g1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jz4g3g1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, vol 29, iss 29","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:2165152490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a462156.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2481449237","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"0737-0024","issn":["0737-0024","1532-7051"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/07370020701638806","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07370020701638806","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2481449237","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"0737-0024","issn":["0737-0024","1532-7051"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W52490583","https://openalex.org/W125517943","https://openalex.org/W166322005","https://openalex.org/W1499996768","https://openalex.org/W1506866348","https://openalex.org/W1509987787","https://openalex.org/W1511413465","https://openalex.org/W1550812296","https://openalex.org/W1567365482","https://openalex.org/W1574901103","https://openalex.org/W1593527634","https://openalex.org/W1605873790","https://openalex.org/W1674947250","https://openalex.org/W1679907412","https://openalex.org/W1927533402","https://openalex.org/W1953177262","https://openalex.org/W1963547174","https://openalex.org/W1964571600","https://openalex.org/W1965191725","https://openalex.org/W1965647483","https://openalex.org/W1969640700","https://openalex.org/W1978714842","https://openalex.org/W1983578042","https://openalex.org/W1984132513","https://openalex.org/W1984638966","https://openalex.org/W1989388297","https://openalex.org/W2010006624","https://openalex.org/W2010267345","https://openalex.org/W2018415007","https://openalex.org/W2033442452","https://openalex.org/W2034177025","https://openalex.org/W2042149309","https://openalex.org/W2054585718","https://openalex.org/W2058756162","https://openalex.org/W2060642394","https://openalex.org/W2068814638","https://openalex.org/W2073331109","https://openalex.org/W2088563966","https://openalex.org/W2089192108","https://openalex.org/W2089623033","https://openalex.org/W2092919341","https://openalex.org/W2093915082","https://openalex.org/W2094536313","https://openalex.org/W2098434836","https://openalex.org/W2101286810","https://openalex.org/W2103981575","https://openalex.org/W2111225992","https://openalex.org/W2115805759","https://openalex.org/W2119398296","https://openalex.org/W2128872089","https://openalex.org/W2136071402","https://openalex.org/W2136518234","https://openalex.org/W2137666284","https://openalex.org/W2148962857","https://openalex.org/W2152314154","https://openalex.org/W2162583366","https://openalex.org/W2163640453","https://openalex.org/W2333196491","https://openalex.org/W2485169253","https://openalex.org/W2781589469","https://openalex.org/W2799144763","https://openalex.org/W3015812362","https://openalex.org/W4206641421","https://openalex.org/W4238998169"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1748815599","https://openalex.org/W1927533402","https://openalex.org/W2136518234","https://openalex.org/W2129874624","https://openalex.org/W2103981575","https://openalex.org/W1593527634","https://openalex.org/W1983578042","https://openalex.org/W1979630148","https://openalex.org/W2111225992","https://openalex.org/W2136071402","https://openalex.org/W1978714842","https://openalex.org/W2115805759","https://openalex.org/W1984132513","https://openalex.org/W2069235736","https://openalex.org/W2028770149","https://openalex.org/W1967044109","https://openalex.org/W1679907412","https://openalex.org/W1991691398","https://openalex.org/W2088563966","https://openalex.org/W2011258666"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"describe":[1],"the":[2,14,28,41,81,106,117,152,165],"development":[3],"of":[4,44,100,105,108,119,159],"a":[5,45,49,53,65,74,85,98],"computational":[6],"cognitive":[7,30,128,135,143],"model":[8,58,88],"that":[9,60,90],"explains":[10],"navigation":[11],"behavior":[12],"on":[13,64,73,97],"World":[15],"Wide":[16],"Web.":[17],"The":[18,57],"model,":[19],"called":[20,121],"SNIF-ACT":[21,114],"(Scent-based":[22],"Navigation":[23],"and":[24,69,93,102,142,156,162],"Information":[25,35],"Foraging":[26,36],"in":[27,132,151],"ACT":[29],"architecture),":[31],"is":[32,125,147],"motivated":[33],"by":[34,52,84],"Theory":[37],"(IFT),":[38],"which":[39],"quantifies":[40],"perceived":[42],"relevance":[43,107],"Web":[46,66],"link":[47,75,109],"to":[48,71,77,80,111],"user\u2019s":[50],"goal":[51],"spreading":[54],"activation":[55],"mechanism.":[56],"assumes":[59],"users":[61],"evaluate":[62],"links":[63],"page":[67,83],"sequentially":[68],"decide":[70],"click":[72],"or":[76],"go":[78],"back":[79],"previous":[82,101],"Bayesian":[86],"satisficing":[87],"(BSM)":[89],"adaptively":[91],"evaluates":[92],"selects":[94],"actions":[95],"based":[96],"combination":[99],"current":[103],"assessments":[104],"texts":[110],"information":[112,122,137],"goals.":[113],"1.0":[115],"utilizes":[116],"measure":[118],"utility,":[120],"Wai-Tat":[123],"Fu":[124],"an":[126,148],"applied":[127],"scientist":[129],"with":[130],"interests":[131],"human\u2013computer":[133],"interaction,":[134],"modeling,":[136],"seeking,":[138],"interactive":[139],"decision":[140],"making,":[141],"skill":[144],"acquisition;":[145],"he":[146],"Assistant":[149],"Professor":[150],"Human":[153],"Factors":[154],"Division":[155],"Beckman":[157],"Institute":[158],"Advanced":[160],"Science":[161],"Technology":[163],"at":[164],"University":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}