{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2045003518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210802451588","title":"Using fMRI to Test Models of Complex Cognition","display_name":"Using fMRI to Test Models of Complex Cognition","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2045003518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210802451588","mag":"2045003518","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21585456"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/03640210802451588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210802451588","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1080/03640210802451588","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1080/03640210802451588","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108509252","display_name":"John R. Anderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3094-8885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John R. Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Psychology Department, Carnegie Mellon UniversityDepartments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of California at DavisPsychology Department, Michigan State University","Carnegie Mellon University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychology Department, Carnegie Mellon UniversityDepartments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of California at DavisPsychology Department, Michigan State University","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026663183","display_name":"Cameron S. Carter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7787-3166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cameron S. Carter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of California at Davis"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of California at Davis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011705577","display_name":"Jon M. Fincham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8131-070X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon M. Fincham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Psychology Department, Carnegie Mellon University","Carnegie Mellon University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychology Department, Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102286115","display_name":"Yulin Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4005-0382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulin Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Psychology Department, Carnegie Mellon University","Carnegie Mellon University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychology Department, Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049527939","display_name":"Susan M. Ravizza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4146-8502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan M. Ravizza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Psychology Department, Michigan State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychology Department, Michigan State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074379988","display_name":"Miriam Rosenberg\u2010Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0768-0347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miriam Rosenberg\u2010Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Psychology Department, Carnegie Mellon University","Carnegie Mellon University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychology Department, Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108509252"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":{"value":3810,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3810},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4591,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88483672,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"8","first_page":"1323","last_page":"1348"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10982","display_name":"Motor Control and Adaptation","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5607647895812988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5520749092102051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prefrontal-cortex","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","score":0.5308623909950256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/posterior-cingulate","display_name":"Posterior cingulate","score":0.5239855647087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anterior-cingulate-cortex","display_name":"Anterior cingulate cortex","score":0.5160984396934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusiform-gyrus","display_name":"Fusiform gyrus","score":0.4714418649673462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/posterior-parietal-cortex","display_name":"Posterior parietal cortex","score":0.45512789487838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-temporal-gyrus","display_name":"Middle temporal gyrus","score":0.45387449860572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cingulate-cortex","display_name":"Cingulate cortex","score":0.4419277310371399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.44036537408828735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.4383489191532135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.43330925703048706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4023469388484955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3475401699542999}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5607647895812988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5520749092102051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18680","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","level":3,"score":0.5308623909950256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778733324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2998088","display_name":"Posterior cingulate","level":3,"score":0.5239855647087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778402161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2121931","display_name":"Anterior cingulate cortex","level":3,"score":0.5160984396934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777655717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464932","display_name":"Fusiform gyrus","level":3,"score":0.4714418649673462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6757342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3486606","display_name":"Posterior parietal cortex","level":2,"score":0.45512789487838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780621315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5407200","display_name":"Middle temporal gyrus","level":3,"score":0.45387449860572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781210436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1892702","display_name":"Cingulate cortex","level":3,"score":0.4419277310371399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.44036537408828735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779226451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903809","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.4383489191532135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.43330925703048706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4023469388484955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3475401699542999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529278444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47273","display_name":"Central nervous system","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/03640210802451588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210802451588","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1080/03640210802451588","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21585456","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21585456","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive science","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.cmu.edu:psychology-1482","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.cmu.edu/psychology/489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400668","display_name":"Research Showcase @ Carnegie Mellon University (Carnegie Mellon University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","host_organization_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Department of Psychology","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/03640210802451588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210802451588","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1080/03640210802451588","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2045003518.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2045003518.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W141116573","https://openalex.org/W1511223926","https://openalex.org/W1528119265","https://openalex.org/W1553541263","https://openalex.org/W1597887035","https://openalex.org/W1928882148","https://openalex.org/W1964777591","https://openalex.org/W1967790471","https://openalex.org/W1974302391","https://openalex.org/W1974964203","https://openalex.org/W1975938737","https://openalex.org/W1979441832","https://openalex.org/W1981548213","https://openalex.org/W1989297865","https://openalex.org/W1990397701","https://openalex.org/W1994812482","https://openalex.org/W1996791353","https://openalex.org/W1999819812","https://openalex.org/W2000998192","https://openalex.org/W2005391856","https://openalex.org/W2008535010","https://openalex.org/W2013657375","https://openalex.org/W2017146523","https://openalex.org/W2019391446","https://openalex.org/W2019782389","https://openalex.org/W2020789674","https://openalex.org/W2030129678","https://openalex.org/W2031786011","https://openalex.org/W2037715202","https://openalex.org/W2051205622","https://openalex.org/W2056988711","https://openalex.org/W2067663174","https://openalex.org/W2069310569","https://openalex.org/W2079753836","https://openalex.org/W2082906925","https://openalex.org/W2089763487","https://openalex.org/W2093972428","https://openalex.org/W2097508144","https://openalex.org/W2099657175","https://openalex.org/W2100872688","https://openalex.org/W2102074957","https://openalex.org/W2106261260","https://openalex.org/W2107187638","https://openalex.org/W2109417138","https://openalex.org/W2112321467","https://openalex.org/W2113616846","https://openalex.org/W2116704462","https://openalex.org/W2117089785","https://openalex.org/W2118153503","https://openalex.org/W2124187669","https://openalex.org/W2128577709","https://openalex.org/W2130466221","https://openalex.org/W2132319307","https://openalex.org/W2135054307","https://openalex.org/W2136518234","https://openalex.org/W2137101088","https://openalex.org/W2139000972","https://openalex.org/W2140563448","https://openalex.org/W2141580693","https://openalex.org/W2151735073","https://openalex.org/W2155096497","https://openalex.org/W2158981241","https://openalex.org/W2160882456","https://openalex.org/W2165389751","https://openalex.org/W2166478616","https://openalex.org/W2168491221","https://openalex.org/W2170797424","https://openalex.org/W2171184424","https://openalex.org/W2180795273","https://openalex.org/W2305047336","https://openalex.org/W2583884964","https://openalex.org/W2904787060","https://openalex.org/W3184801616","https://openalex.org/W3202912068","https://openalex.org/W4229580337","https://openalex.org/W4233782400"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2120866479","https://openalex.org/W2057007254","https://openalex.org/W2059312295","https://openalex.org/W2005395201","https://openalex.org/W4254213579","https://openalex.org/W2326140696","https://openalex.org/W2097050859","https://openalex.org/W2089178147","https://openalex.org/W2000454722","https://openalex.org/W2120282038"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,90],"article":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,20,37,41,71,78,82,87,127,131,138,142,152,156,161,173,182,187,206,213,224,235,238],"potential":[4],"of":[5,15,22,40,84,86,184,208,215,218,226,237],"fMRI":[6],"to":[7,168,180,196,211],"test":[8],"assumptions":[9],"about":[10],"different":[11],"components":[12,21],"in":[13,44,81,108,130,141,155,172,186,201],"models":[14],"complex":[16,219],"cognitive":[17,239],"tasks.":[18],"If":[19],"a":[23,95,216,227],"model":[24,59,72,98,230],"can":[25,33],"be":[26],"associated":[27],"with":[28,54,77,119],"specific":[29,228],"brain":[30,106],"regions,":[31],"one":[32],"make":[34],"predictions":[35],"for":[36,52,69],"temporal":[38,55],"course":[39],"BOLD":[42,88,128,139,153],"response":[43,129,140,154],"these":[45],"regions.":[46],"An":[47],"event-locked":[48],"procedure":[49],"is":[50,92],"described":[51,74],"dealing":[53],"variability":[56],"and":[57,61,114,147,191],"bringing":[58],"runs":[60],"individual":[62],"data":[63,210],"trials":[64],"into":[65],"alignment.":[66],"Statistical":[67],"methods":[68],"testing":[70],"are":[73],"that":[75,99],"deal":[76],"scan-to-scan":[79],"correlations":[80],"errors":[83],"measurement":[85],"signal.":[89],"approach":[91],"illustrated":[93],"using":[94],"\"sacrificial\"":[96],"ACT-R":[97],"involves":[100],"mapping":[101],"6":[102,105],"modules":[103],"onto":[104],"regions":[107],"an":[109,198],"experiment":[110],"from":[111],"Ravizza,":[112],"Anderson,":[113],"Carter":[115],"(in":[116],"press)":[117],"concerned":[118],"equation":[120],"solving.":[121],"The":[122,203],"model's":[123],"visual":[124],"encoding":[125],"predicted":[126,137,151,181],"fusiform":[132],"gyrus,":[133],"its":[134,148,164,176,192],"controlled":[135],"retrieval":[136],"lateral":[143],"inferior":[144],"prefrontal":[145],"cortex,":[146,175,190],"subgoal":[149],"setting":[150],"anterior":[157],"cingulate":[158],"cortex.":[159],"On":[160],"other":[162],"hand,":[163],"motor":[165,174],"programming":[166],"failed":[167,179,195],"predict":[169,197],"anticipatory":[170],"activation":[171],"representational":[177],"changes":[178],"pattern":[183],"activity":[185],"posterior":[188],"parietal":[189],"procedural":[193],"component":[194],"initial":[199],"spike":[200],"caudate.":[202],"results":[204],"illustrate":[205],"power":[207],"such":[209],"direct":[212],"development":[214],"theory":[217],"problem":[220],"solving,":[221],"both":[222],"at":[223,234],"level":[225,236],"task":[229],"as":[231,233],"well":[232],"architecture.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}