{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2115207750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701703659","title":"Foundations of Representation: Where Might Graphical Symbol Systems Come From?","display_name":"Foundations of Representation: Where Might Graphical Symbol Systems Come From?","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2115207750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701703659","mag":"2115207750","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21635324"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/03640210701703659","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701703659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111635439","display_name":"Simon Garrod","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["AU","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Garrod","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Glasgow, ScotlandDepartment of Psychology, University of Western Australia, AustraliaATR Media Information Science Labs, JapanSchool of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland","Dept. of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Glasgow, ScotlandDepartment of Psychology, University of Western Australia, AustraliaATR Media Information Science Labs, JapanSchool of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090907589","display_name":"Nicolas Fay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9866-2800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolas Fay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100383921","display_name":"John Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0914-2975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067101640","display_name":"Jon Oberlander","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon Oberlander","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080977678","display_name":"Tracy Macleod","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tracy MacLeod","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3810,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3810},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.1255,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":302,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97812023,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"6","first_page":"961","last_page":"987"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11148","display_name":"Language, Metaphor, and Cognition","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11148","display_name":"Language, Metaphor, and Cognition","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12032","display_name":"Multisensory perception and integration","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6940104961395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.6780307292938232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5849321484565735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbol","display_name":"Symbol (formal)","score":0.5388877391815186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5021407604217529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.47046101093292236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.32683247327804565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.15523049235343933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11445954442024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08849889039993286}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6940104961395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6780307292938232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5849321484565735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134400042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2372244","display_name":"Symbol (formal)","level":2,"score":0.5388877391815186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5021407604217529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.47046101093292236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.32683247327804565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.15523049235343933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11445954442024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08849889039993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/03640210701703659","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701703659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21635324","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21635324","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive science","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/997f788e-210f-4ff1-9c62-2b45808b7674","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/997f788e-210f-4ff1-9c62-2b45808b7674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402523","display_name":"UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","host_organization_name":"The University of Western Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Garrod , S , Fay , N , Lee , J , Oberlander , J & Macleod , T 2007 , ' Foundations of representation : where might graphical symbol systems come from? ' , Cognitive Science , vol. 31 , no. 6 , pp. 961-987 . https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701703659","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:29854","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/29854/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Articles"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335839","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W103787822","https://openalex.org/W123455791","https://openalex.org/W1493772365","https://openalex.org/W1535360162","https://openalex.org/W1613027418","https://openalex.org/W1741471588","https://openalex.org/W1800882473","https://openalex.org/W1965315424","https://openalex.org/W1982249382","https://openalex.org/W1982485672","https://openalex.org/W1983954603","https://openalex.org/W1986781756","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2018222979","https://openalex.org/W2022194882","https://openalex.org/W2032946087","https://openalex.org/W2038809945","https://openalex.org/W2044343629","https://openalex.org/W2050051685","https://openalex.org/W2056684507","https://openalex.org/W2089652186","https://openalex.org/W2093466186","https://openalex.org/W2110930288","https://openalex.org/W2138786365","https://openalex.org/W2148300948","https://openalex.org/W2150375089","https://openalex.org/W2158247508","https://openalex.org/W2328013031","https://openalex.org/W2332221702","https://openalex.org/W3150605230","https://openalex.org/W3150917758","https://openalex.org/W4249803144"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389793738","https://openalex.org/W2376208682","https://openalex.org/W4246219814","https://openalex.org/W2368886944","https://openalex.org/W4240806619","https://openalex.org/W2316832194","https://openalex.org/W3136240127","https://openalex.org/W2991461431","https://openalex.org/W3013241528","https://openalex.org/W2740075895"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"has":[1],"been":[2],"suggested":[3],"that":[4,54,85,112],"iconic":[5],"graphical":[6,11,23,97],"signs":[7,12,73,98],"evolve":[8,114],"into":[9,115],"symbolic":[10],"through":[13],"repeated":[14],"usage.":[15],"This":[16],"article":[17,110],"reports":[18],"a":[19,27,44,76,118],"series":[20],"of":[21,51,67,72,78,106,120,127,136],"interactive":[22,143],"communication":[24],"experiments":[25],"using":[26],"'pictionary'":[28],"task":[29],"to":[30,75,132],"establish":[31],"the":[32,36,65,70,83,91,96,104,121,125,130,133,137],"conditions":[33],"under":[34],"which":[35],"evolution":[37,71],"might":[38],"occur.":[39],"Experiment":[40,61,80,101],"1":[41],"rules":[42],"out":[43],"simple":[45],"repetition":[46],"based":[47],"account":[48,53],"in":[49,90,100,124],"favor":[50],"an":[52,142],"requires":[55],"feedback":[56],"and":[57],"interaction":[58,68,92],"between":[59],"communicators.":[60],"2":[62],"shows":[63],"how":[64],"degree":[66],"affects":[69],"according":[74],"process":[77],"grounding.":[79],"3":[81],"confirms":[82],"prediction":[84],"those":[86],"not":[87],"involved":[88],"directly":[89],"have":[93],"trouble":[94],"interpreting":[95],"produced":[99],"1.":[102],"On":[103],"basis":[105],"these":[107],"results,":[108],"this":[109],"argues":[111],"icons":[113],"symbols":[116],"as":[117],"consequence":[119],"systematic":[122],"shift":[123],"locus":[126],"information":[128],"from":[129],"sign":[131],"users'":[134],"memory":[135],"sign's":[138],"usage":[139],"supported":[140],"by":[141],"grounding":[144],"process.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-07-08T08:33:18.762332","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}