{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2118985300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701530771","title":"\u201cWhat if\u2026\u201d: The Use of Conceptual Simulations in Scientific Reasoning","display_name":"\u201cWhat if\u2026\u201d: The Use of Conceptual Simulations in Scientific Reasoning","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2118985300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701530771","mag":"2118985300","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21635319"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/03640210701530771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701530771","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1080/03640210701530771","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1080/03640210701530771","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064361943","display_name":"Susan B. Trickett","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Susan Bell Trickett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC","[Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056412737","display_name":"J. Gregory Trafton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5048-6780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Gregory Trafton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC","[Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064361943"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"],"apc_list":{"value":3810,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3810},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3162,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":98,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95491214,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"5","first_page":"843","last_page":"875"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11431","display_name":"Action Observation and Synchronization","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-reasoning","display_name":"Scientific reasoning","score":0.632706880569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.5460923910140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4176065921783447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.3546651005744934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.34062546491622925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.09573152661323547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.09148114919662476}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992562121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3817808","display_name":"Scientific reasoning","level":2,"score":0.632706880569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.5460923910140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4176065921783447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3546651005744934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34062546491622925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.09573152661323547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.09148114919662476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/03640210701530771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701530771","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1080/03640210701530771","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21635319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21635319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive science","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.164.4073","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.164.4073","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.nrl.navy.mil/aic/iss/pubs/trickett.cogsci07.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/03640210701530771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701530771","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1080/03640210701530771","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W14720439","https://openalex.org/W83695495","https://openalex.org/W99521549","https://openalex.org/W102110531","https://openalex.org/W115094547","https://openalex.org/W163753266","https://openalex.org/W1504112842","https://openalex.org/W1509923869","https://openalex.org/W1525870097","https://openalex.org/W1528369519","https://openalex.org/W1565693361","https://openalex.org/W1602873706","https://openalex.org/W1605941666","https://openalex.org/W1608622078","https://openalex.org/W1931609158","https://openalex.org/W1963515284","https://openalex.org/W1976036348","https://openalex.org/W1980456217","https://openalex.org/W2002367200","https://openalex.org/W2007420144","https://openalex.org/W2008084531","https://openalex.org/W2009266894","https://openalex.org/W2012329609","https://openalex.org/W2026161499","https://openalex.org/W2028660931","https://openalex.org/W2039336675","https://openalex.org/W2045300586","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2061622313","https://openalex.org/W2063026846","https://openalex.org/W2075150770","https://openalex.org/W2111696429","https://openalex.org/W2128922142","https://openalex.org/W2130805603","https://openalex.org/W2131370811","https://openalex.org/W2135241964","https://openalex.org/W2137247190","https://openalex.org/W2152510792","https://openalex.org/W2156159857","https://openalex.org/W2157186378","https://openalex.org/W2167723047","https://openalex.org/W2170761410","https://openalex.org/W2178394434","https://openalex.org/W2251129220","https://openalex.org/W2319292355","https://openalex.org/W2371818109","https://openalex.org/W2491138228","https://openalex.org/W2500290741","https://openalex.org/W2520660681","https://openalex.org/W2964997787","https://openalex.org/W4232227147","https://openalex.org/W4238483711","https://openalex.org/W4243216998","https://openalex.org/W4244656552","https://openalex.org/W4249121474","https://openalex.org/W4253039474","https://openalex.org/W4254080801"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W1596801655","https://openalex.org/W2359140296"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"term":[1],"conceptual":[2,51,82,104,115,149,168],"simulation":[3,52,83,105,116,150,169],"refers":[4],"to":[5,43,55,67,77,117,154],"a":[6,22],"type":[7,28],"of":[8,24,29,60,94,108,128,139,159,173],"everyday":[9],"reasoning":[10,30,126,174],"strategy":[11],"commonly":[12],"called":[13],"\"what":[14],"if\"":[15],"reasoning.":[16],"It":[17],"has":[18],"been":[19],"suggested":[20],"in":[21,35,58,91,106,157],"number":[23],"contexts":[25],"that":[26,50,71,100,112,148],"this":[27,45],"plays":[31],"an":[32,90],"important":[33],"role":[34],"scientific":[36],"discovery;":[37],"however,":[38],"little":[39],"direct":[40],"evidence":[41],"exists":[42],"support":[44,144],"claim.":[46],"This":[47],"article":[48],"proposes":[49],"is":[53,151],"likely":[54,153],"be":[56,65,155],"used":[57,66,156],"situations":[59,107,158],"informational":[61,85,109,160],"uncertainty,":[62,110],"and":[63,84,111,141,170],"may":[64],"help":[68],"scientists":[69,101],"resolve":[70],"uncertainty.":[72,86,161],"We":[73],"conducted":[74],"two":[75],"studies":[76],"investigate":[78],"the":[79,97,124,146,165],"relationship":[80,166],"between":[81,167],"Study":[87,133],"1":[88],"was":[89],"vivo":[92],"study":[93],"expert":[95],"scientists;":[96],"results":[98],"suggest":[99],"do":[102],"use":[103,114],"they":[113],"make":[118],"inferences":[119],"from":[120],"their":[121],"data":[122],"using":[123,175],"analogical":[125],"process":[127],"alignment":[129],"by":[130],"similarity":[131],"detection.":[132],"2":[134],"experimentally":[135],"manipulated":[136],"experts'":[137],"level":[138],"uncertainty":[140],"provides":[142],"further":[143],"for":[145],"hypothesis":[147],"more":[152],"Finally,":[162],"we":[163],"discuss":[164],"other":[171],"types":[172],"qualitative":[176],"mental":[177],"models.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}