{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2922275366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2019.1577976","title":"Small sample bias correction or bias reduction?","display_name":"Small sample bias correction or bias reduction?","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2922275366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2019.1577976","mag":"2922275366"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/03610918.2019.1577976","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2019.1577976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153329750","display_name":"Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation","issn_l":"0361-0918","issn":["0361-0918","1532-4141"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001072689","display_name":"Xuemao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6113-4710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79060951","display_name":"East Stroudsburg University","ror":"https://ror.org/05atz9219","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79060951"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuemao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, East Stroudsburg University, East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, East Stroudsburg University, East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79060951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032463887","display_name":"S. R. Paul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3999-0430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sudhir Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073924559","display_name":"You\u2010Gan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-4671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"You-Gan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001072689"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79060951"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2386,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55203082,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"4","first_page":"1165","last_page":"1177"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firth","display_name":"Firth","score":0.8681607246398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.5848830342292786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.5643390417098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5101799964904785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/likelihood-function","display_name":"Likelihood function","score":0.5044063329696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.40889298915863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4072954058647156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.36877989768981934}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558116","display_name":"Firth","level":2,"score":0.8681607246398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5848830342292786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.5643390417098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5101799964904785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89106044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45284","display_name":"Likelihood function","level":3,"score":0.5044063329696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.40889298915863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4072954058647156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.36877989768981934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/03610918.2019.1577976","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2019.1577976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153329750","display_name":"Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation","issn_l":"0361-0918","issn":["0361-0918","1532-4141"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.qut.edu.au:134880","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402607","display_name":"QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","host_organization_name":"Queensland University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Communications in Statistics Part B: Simulation and Computation","raw_type":"Contribution to Journal"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W61480698","https://openalex.org/W121938757","https://openalex.org/W134080029","https://openalex.org/W1978136073","https://openalex.org/W1997934667","https://openalex.org/W2038297273","https://openalex.org/W2041869004","https://openalex.org/W2060230329","https://openalex.org/W2064107843","https://openalex.org/W2075875797","https://openalex.org/W2078129874","https://openalex.org/W2094736555","https://openalex.org/W2149860264","https://openalex.org/W2160523162","https://openalex.org/W2323052220","https://openalex.org/W2327088997","https://openalex.org/W2787038297","https://openalex.org/W4231597529"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013921918","https://openalex.org/W2019724159","https://openalex.org/W4280508323","https://openalex.org/W2149766606","https://openalex.org/W2371672232","https://openalex.org/W3151346708","https://openalex.org/W2088686292","https://openalex.org/W2540019423","https://openalex.org/W2103185490","https://openalex.org/W127675078"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"problems":[1],"in":[2],"biomedical":[3],"and":[4,23,29,55,89,101,180],"other":[5,154],"sciences":[6],"are":[7,161],"subject":[8],"to":[9,106,123],"biased":[10],"estimates":[11,134,194],"(maximum":[12],"likelihood":[13,65,86,133],"or":[14,156,195],"of":[15,37,42,63,73,84,112,130,142,171],"similar":[16],"types).":[17],"In":[18,136,163],"two":[19,144,159,173,187],"seminal":[20],"papers":[21],"Cox":[22,88],"Snell":[24,90],"(1968":[25],"Cox,":[26],"D.":[27,59],"R.,":[28],"E.":[30],"J.":[31],"Snell.":[32],"1968.":[33],"A":[34],"general":[35],"definition":[36],"residuals":[38],"(with":[39],"discussion).":[40],"Journal":[41],"the":[43,107,110,113,119,126,131,153,168,172,186,192,197,204],"Royal":[44],"Statistical":[45],"Society.":[46],"Series":[47],"B":[48],"30:248\u201375.":[49],"doi:":[50,70],"10.1111/j.2517-6161.1968.tb00724.x.[Crossref]":[51],",":[52,76],"[Google":[53,77],"Scholar])":[54,78],"Firth":[56,102],"(1993":[57],"Firth,":[58],"1993.":[60],"Bias":[61],"reduction":[62],"maximum":[64,85,132],"estimates.":[66,87],"Biometrika":[67],"80":[68],"(1):27\u201338.":[69],"10.1093/biomet/80.1.27.[Crossref],":[71],"[Web":[72],"Science":[74],"\u00ae]":[75],"deal":[79],"with":[80],"first":[81,98,127],"order":[82,99,128],"bias":[83,100,129,147],"obtain":[91],"a":[92],"correction":[93,148],"term":[94],"that":[95,152,185,196],"corrects,":[96],"approximately,":[97],"uses":[103],"an":[104],"adjustment":[105],"score":[108,121],"function;":[109],"solution":[111],"estimating":[114],"equation":[115],"obtained":[116],"by":[117],"solving":[118],"adjusted":[120],"function":[122],"zero,":[124],"removes":[125],"approximately.":[135],"many":[137],"applications":[138],"authors":[139],"use":[140],"one":[141],"these":[143,158],"procedures":[145,160],"for":[146],"without":[149],"being":[150],"aware":[151],"exists":[155],"whether":[157],"equivalent.":[162],"this":[164],"paper":[165],"we":[166],"investigate":[167],"equivalence":[169],"issue":[170],"methods":[174,188],"through":[175],"theoretical":[176],"analysis,":[177],"simulation":[178],"study":[179],"data":[181],"analysis.":[182],"We":[183],"show":[184],"yield":[189],"either":[190],"exactly":[191],"same":[193],"preventive":[198],"method":[199],"has":[200],"some":[201],"edge":[202],"over":[203],"other.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}