{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1583372370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2015.1094091","title":"Correlation and efficiency of propensity score-based estimators for average causal effects","display_name":"Correlation and efficiency of propensity score-based estimators for average causal effects","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1583372370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2015.1094091","mag":"1583372370"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/03610918.2015.1094091","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2015.1094091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153329750","display_name":"Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation","issn_l":"0361-0918","issn":["0361-0918","1532-4141"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081442085","display_name":"Ronnie Pingel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4140-1981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ronnie Pingel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden","Dept. of Statistics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Statistics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067265563","display_name":"Ingeborg Waernbaum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4457-5311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90267481","display_name":"Ume\u00e5 University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kb8h459","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ingeborg Waernbaum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Umea University, Umea, Sweden","Department of Statistics , Ume\u00e5 University , Ume\u00e5 , Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Umea University, Umea, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics , Ume\u00e5 University , Ume\u00e5 , Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081442085"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3626,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81635047,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.9660999774932861,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propensity-score-matching","display_name":"Propensity score matching","score":0.8877778053283691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariate","display_name":"Covariate","score":0.8548622727394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.8053221106529236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.7036556601524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.6076704263687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-study","display_name":"Observational study","score":0.550049901008606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confounding","display_name":"Confounding","score":0.5366963744163513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-probability-weighting","display_name":"Inverse probability weighting","score":0.5241632461547852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.5140520334243774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4990215301513672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/average-treatment-effect","display_name":"Average treatment effect","score":0.48390063643455505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outcome","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","score":0.46230024099349976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation","display_name":"Correlation","score":0.46065375208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.4579131007194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"Causal inference","score":0.43251392245292664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-size-determination","display_name":"Sample size determination","score":0.413488507270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.41109585762023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.09419810771942139}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17923572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7250160","display_name":"Propensity score matching","level":2,"score":0.8877778053283691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119043178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320723","display_name":"Covariate","level":2,"score":0.8548622727394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.8053221106529236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.7036556601524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.6076704263687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.550049901008606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.5366963744163513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779915747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17058619","display_name":"Inverse probability weighting","level":3,"score":0.5241632461547852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5140520334243774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4990215301513672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89337504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4828276","display_name":"Average treatment effect","level":3,"score":0.48390063643455505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.46230024099349976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.46065375208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.4579131007194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.43251392245292664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.413488507270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.41109585762023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.09419810771942139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/03610918.2015.1094091","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2015.1094091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153329750","display_name":"Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation","issn_l":"0361-0918","issn":["0361-0918","1532-4141"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1937828084","https://openalex.org/W1971267916","https://openalex.org/W1987838173","https://openalex.org/W1996351770","https://openalex.org/W1997035215","https://openalex.org/W2001526844","https://openalex.org/W2011087402","https://openalex.org/W2035609389","https://openalex.org/W2037135054","https://openalex.org/W2039811614","https://openalex.org/W2079728711","https://openalex.org/W2084757958","https://openalex.org/W2086192262","https://openalex.org/W2107263285","https://openalex.org/W2127259239","https://openalex.org/W2132917208","https://openalex.org/W2150291618","https://openalex.org/W2155163959","https://openalex.org/W2168458505","https://openalex.org/W2168639902","https://openalex.org/W2171443468","https://openalex.org/W2314734263","https://openalex.org/W3121385028","https://openalex.org/W3122193054","https://openalex.org/W3125108970","https://openalex.org/W4233216783","https://openalex.org/W4233637714","https://openalex.org/W4239926947"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4225280467","https://openalex.org/W4281756720","https://openalex.org/W4311626472","https://openalex.org/W2800966522","https://openalex.org/W3122193054","https://openalex.org/W2608671833","https://openalex.org/W2290058088","https://openalex.org/W4300878635","https://openalex.org/W1802854002","https://openalex.org/W2949083691"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Propensity":[0],"score-based":[1],"estimators":[2,58],"are":[3,79,83,117],"commonly":[4],"used":[5],"to":[6,23],"estimate":[7],"causal":[8,150],"effects":[9],"in":[10,16],"evaluation":[11],"research.":[12],"To":[13],"reduce":[14],"bias":[15],"observational":[17],"studies,":[18],"researchers":[19],"might":[20],"be":[21],"tempted":[22],"include":[24],"many,":[25],"perhaps":[26],"correlated,":[27],"covariates":[28],"when":[29],"estimating":[30],"the":[31,39,48,61,68,76,104,111,114,125,128,131,135,138],"propensity":[32,40],"score":[33,41],"model.":[34],"Taking":[35],"into":[36],"account":[37],"that":[38,103,120],"is":[42,152],"estimated,":[43],"this":[44],"study":[45],"investigates":[46],"how":[47,122],"efficiency":[49],"of":[50,63,98,113,127,133,137],"matching,":[51],"inverse":[52],"probability":[53],"weighting,":[54],"and":[55,90,142,144],"doubly":[56],"robust":[57],"change":[59],"under":[60,72],"case":[62],"correlated":[64],"covariates.":[65],"Propositions":[66],"regarding":[67],"large":[69,88],"sample":[70,89,92],"variances":[71,112],"certain":[73],"assumptions":[74],"on":[75],"data-generating":[77],"process":[78],"given.":[80],"The":[81,100],"propositions":[82],"supplemented":[84],"by":[85],"several":[86,118],"numerical":[87],"finite":[91],"results":[93,101],"from":[94],"a":[95,146],"wide":[96],"range":[97],"models.":[99],"show":[102],"covariate":[105],"correlations":[106],"may":[107],"increase":[108],"or":[109,148],"decrease":[110],"estimators.":[115],"There":[116],"factors":[119],"influence":[121],"correlation":[123],"affects":[124],"variance":[126],"estimators,":[129],"including":[130],"choice":[132],"estimator,":[134],"strength":[136],"confounding":[139],"toward":[140],"outcome":[141],"treatment,":[143],"whether":[145],"constant":[147],"non-constant":[149],"effect":[151],"present.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}