{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963530719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03155986.2019.1624491","title":"Least squares policy iteration with instrumental variables vs. direct policy search: comparison against optimal benchmarks using energy storage","display_name":"Least squares policy iteration with instrumental variables vs. direct policy search: comparison against optimal benchmarks using energy storage","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963530719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03155986.2019.1624491","mag":"2963530719"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/03155986.2019.1624491","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03155986.2019.1624491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155959304","display_name":"INFOR Information Systems and Operational Research","issn_l":"0315-5986","issn":["0315-5986","1916-0615"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"INFOR: Information Systems and Operational Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048706693","display_name":"Somayeh Moazeni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3631-563X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Somayeh Moazeni","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3631-563X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067072227","display_name":"Warren R. Scott","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Warren R. Scott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Operations Research and Financial Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Operations Research and Financial Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054833334","display_name":"Warren B. Powell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4364-7555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Warren B. Powell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Operations Research and Financial Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Operations Research and Financial Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048706693"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06185905,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"1","first_page":"141","last_page":"166"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10424","display_name":"Electric Power System Optimization","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instrumental-variable","display_name":"Instrumental variable","score":0.7590808868408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/least-squares-function-approximation","display_name":"Least-squares function approximation","score":0.5140384435653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5105165243148804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4998784065246582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.455547958612442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.38711613416671753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33362364768981934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.33063456416130066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3233116865158081}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162144332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665305","display_name":"Instrumental variable","level":2,"score":0.7590808868408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9936470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510405","display_name":"Least-squares function approximation","level":3,"score":0.5140384435653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5105165243148804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4998784065246582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.455547958612442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.38711613416671753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33362364768981934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33063456416130066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3233116865158081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/03155986.2019.1624491","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03155986.2019.1624491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155959304","display_name":"INFOR Information Systems and Operational Research","issn_l":"0315-5986","issn":["0315-5986","1916-0615"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"INFOR: Information Systems and Operational Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11802270","https://openalex.org/W87126067","https://openalex.org/W122059025","https://openalex.org/W200858817","https://openalex.org/W659384096","https://openalex.org/W1517070924","https://openalex.org/W1518338171","https://openalex.org/W1542118577","https://openalex.org/W1549543673","https://openalex.org/W1554698619","https://openalex.org/W1583072328","https://openalex.org/W1601081659","https://openalex.org/W1745373831","https://openalex.org/W1886101499","https://openalex.org/W1982561848","https://openalex.org/W1984524168","https://openalex.org/W1998172110","https://openalex.org/W2004808074","https://openalex.org/W2007240904","https://openalex.org/W2044287460","https://openalex.org/W2050419288","https://openalex.org/W2068780075","https://openalex.org/W2072321868","https://openalex.org/W2072931156","https://openalex.org/W2075268401","https://openalex.org/W2100160173","https://openalex.org/W2104753538","https://openalex.org/W2106261932","https://openalex.org/W2107251441","https://openalex.org/W2114153151","https://openalex.org/W2116449881","https://openalex.org/W2121703796","https://openalex.org/W2123736449","https://openalex.org/W2131082831","https://openalex.org/W2139418546","https://openalex.org/W2141022000","https://openalex.org/W2143026125","https://openalex.org/W2146039981","https://openalex.org/W2147750403","https://openalex.org/W2149052950","https://openalex.org/W2158479468","https://openalex.org/W2179877357","https://openalex.org/W2312609093","https://openalex.org/W2334782222","https://openalex.org/W2400458653","https://openalex.org/W2499226730","https://openalex.org/W2597289420","https://openalex.org/W2605711652","https://openalex.org/W2613782547","https://openalex.org/W2767344790","https://openalex.org/W2777075140","https://openalex.org/W2797671267","https://openalex.org/W3121577283","https://openalex.org/W3122855307","https://openalex.org/W4206932883","https://openalex.org/W4231152566","https://openalex.org/W4233696721","https://openalex.org/W4235848843","https://openalex.org/W4243798462","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4298871068"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051418878","https://openalex.org/W1594405807","https://openalex.org/W3121554743","https://openalex.org/W200382472","https://openalex.org/W3121630621","https://openalex.org/W2065314067","https://openalex.org/W4294326358","https://openalex.org/W1911851253","https://openalex.org/W2488480569","https://openalex.org/W2056600683"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"studies":[2],"least-squares":[3,168,178],"approximate":[4,90,160],"policy":[5,19,54,78,116,190],"iteration":[6,144],"(API)":[7],"methods":[8,75],"with":[9,29,41,98,106,110,170,180],"parametrized":[10],"value-function":[11],"approximation.":[12],"We":[13,131],"study":[14],"several":[15],"variations":[16],"of":[17,64,87,123,135],"the":[18,65,121,158],"evaluation":[20,55],"phase,":[21],"namely,":[22],"Bellman":[23,26,33,38,51,67,99,107,173,181],"error":[24,27,34,39,52,68,100,108,174,182],"minimization,":[25,35,101],"minimization":[28,40,53,109,175],"instrumental":[30,42,57,111,171],"variables,":[31,112],"projected":[32,37,66],"and":[36,113,141],"variables.":[43],"For":[44],"a":[45,133],"general":[46],"discrete-time":[47],"stochastic":[48],"control":[49],"problem,":[50],"using":[56,138],"variables":[58,172],"is":[59,76],"equivalent":[60],"to":[61,72,145,156],"both":[62],"variants":[63],"minimization.":[69,183],"An":[70],"alternative":[71],"these":[73,88,185],"API":[74,97,105,169,179],"direct":[77,115,189],"search":[79,191],"based":[80],"on":[81],"knowledge":[82],"gradient.":[83],"The":[84],"practical":[85],"performance":[86],"three":[89],"dynamic":[91,161],"programming":[92,162],"methods,":[93],"(i)":[94],"least":[95,103],"squares":[96,104],"(ii)":[102],"(iii)":[114],"search,":[117],"are":[118,153],"investigated":[119],"in":[120,126],"context":[122],"an":[124],"application":[125],"energy":[127],"storage":[128],"operations":[129],"management.":[130],"create":[132],"library":[134],"test":[136],"problems":[137],"real-world":[139],"data":[140],"apply":[142],"value":[143],"find":[146],"their":[147],"optimal":[148,151],"policies.":[149,163],"These":[150],"benchmarks":[152],"then":[154],"used":[155],"compare":[157],"developed":[159],"Our":[164],"analysis":[165],"indicates":[166],"that":[167],"prominently":[176],"outperforms":[177],"However,":[184],"approaches":[186],"underperform":[187],"our":[188],"implementation.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}