{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2035361022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799508902044","title":"Development of a geomorphological spatial model using object-oriented design","display_name":"Development of a geomorphological spatial model using object-oriented design","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2035361022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799508902044","mag":"2035361022"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/02693799508902044","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799508902044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181446","display_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","issn_l":"0269-3798","issn":["0269-3798","1362-3087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of geographical information systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012510725","display_name":"J. Raper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5905-9009"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98259816","display_name":"Birkbeck, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/02mb95055","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I98259816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"JONATHAN RAPER","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography , Birkbeck College , 7-15 Gresse Street, London, W1P 1PA, UK E-mail: raper@earth.ge.bbk.ac.uk"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography , Birkbeck College , 7-15 Gresse Street, London, W1P 1PA, UK E-mail: raper@earth.ge.bbk.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98259816"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"DAVID LIVINGSTONE","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98259816","display_name":"Birkbeck, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/02mb95055","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I98259816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"DAVID LIVINGSTONE","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography , Birkbeck College , 7-15 Gresse Street, London, W1P 1PA, UK E-mail: raper@earth.ge.bbk.ac.uk"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography , Birkbeck College , 7-15 Gresse Street, London, W1P 1PA, UK E-mail: raper@earth.ge.bbk.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98259816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012510725"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98259816"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.0526,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":158,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9956299,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"359","last_page":"383"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13854","display_name":"Historical Geography and Cartography","score":0.9088000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.46343451738357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4606146812438965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.36724257469177246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3604499101638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18310895562171936}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.46343451738357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4606146812438965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.36724257469177246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3604499101638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18310895562171936}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/02693799508902044","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799508902044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181446","display_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","issn_l":"0269-3798","issn":["0269-3798","1362-3087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of geographical information systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W266716723","https://openalex.org/W1480694711","https://openalex.org/W1499380498","https://openalex.org/W2010417974","https://openalex.org/W2011661943","https://openalex.org/W2043220715","https://openalex.org/W2047260886","https://openalex.org/W2050902711","https://openalex.org/W2068111410","https://openalex.org/W2071976770","https://openalex.org/W2109933556","https://openalex.org/W2128288949","https://openalex.org/W2312408544","https://openalex.org/W2323470045","https://openalex.org/W2328303514","https://openalex.org/W2334907065","https://openalex.org/W3143284449","https://openalex.org/W4236690124"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2141795027","https://openalex.org/W2086120259","https://openalex.org/W2390261592","https://openalex.org/W2352384801","https://openalex.org/W1995425467","https://openalex.org/W2360568537","https://openalex.org/W2385657694","https://openalex.org/W2375701581"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2,72],"argues":[3],"that":[4],"spatial":[5,66],"modelling":[6,36,67],"within":[7],"the":[8,16,30,39,44,58,61,78],"environmental":[9,21],"sciences":[10],"is":[11],"not":[12],"best":[13],"achieved":[14],"through":[15],"low":[17],"level":[18],"integration":[19],"of":[20,32,41,63,77,80],"models":[22],"and":[23,49,84],"GIS":[24],"(Geographical":[25],"Information":[26],"Systems),":[27],"but":[28],"by":[29],"creation":[31],"new":[33],"integrated":[34],"object-oriented":[35,65],"environments.":[37],"In":[38],"light":[40],"this":[42],"assertion":[43],"philosophical":[45],"background":[46],"to":[47,56,82],"representation":[48],"spatio-temporal":[50],"referencing":[51],"are":[52],"considered":[53],"in":[54],"order":[55],"outline":[57],"context":[59],"for":[60,69],"design":[62],"OOgeomorph\u2014an":[64],"system":[68],"geomorphology.":[70],"The":[71],"concludes":[73],"with":[74],"an":[75],"example":[76],"use":[79],"OOgeomorph":[81],"represent":[83],"test":[85],"a":[86],"coastal":[87],"geomorphological":[88],"theory.":[89]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
