{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1996508268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799408902008","title":"Object-oriented approaches to geo-referenced information","display_name":"Object-oriented approaches to geo-referenced information","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1996508268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799408902008","mag":"1996508268"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/02693799408902008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799408902008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181446","display_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","issn_l":"0269-3798","issn":["0269-3798","1362-3087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of geographical information systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053014619","display_name":"Michael Worboys","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8583-7931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56007636","display_name":"Keele University","ror":"https://ror.org/00340yn33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56007636"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael F. Worboys","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, England, U.K","Department of Computer Science , Keele University , Keele ST5 5BG, England, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, England, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56007636"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science , Keele University , Keele ST5 5BG, England, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56007636"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053014619"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56007636"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.4307,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":133,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98764212,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"4","first_page":"385","last_page":"399"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6995278596878052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-oriented-programming","display_name":"Object-oriented programming","score":0.6377596855163574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.6037509441375732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5985257625579834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5483248829841614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-system","display_name":"Information system","score":0.5032514929771423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-orientation","display_name":"Object-orientation","score":0.5007798671722412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4680706262588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.46423688530921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-model","display_name":"Domain model","score":0.4524397850036621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-model","display_name":"Conceptual model","score":0.4341360926628113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3003751039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.259446918964386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2465122938156128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.1669919490814209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-knowledge","display_name":"Domain knowledge","score":0.13694921135902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13459497690200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08779895305633545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07539790868759155}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6995278596878052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73752529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79872","display_name":"Object-oriented programming","level":2,"score":0.6377596855163574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.6037509441375732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5985257625579834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5483248829841614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.5032514929771423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120968358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2011845","display_name":"Object-orientation","level":3,"score":0.5007798671722412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4680706262588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.46423688530921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92548554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2262868","display_name":"Domain model","level":3,"score":0.4524397850036621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13606891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623243","display_name":"Conceptual model","level":2,"score":0.4341360926628113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3003751039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.259446918964386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2465122938156128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.1669919490814209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.13694921135902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13459497690200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08779895305633545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07539790868759155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/02693799408902008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799408902008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181446","display_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","issn_l":"0269-3798","issn":["0269-3798","1362-3087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of geographical information systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W155632280","https://openalex.org/W1489366630","https://openalex.org/W1494315059","https://openalex.org/W1510572894","https://openalex.org/W1573833643","https://openalex.org/W1584754980","https://openalex.org/W1588194222","https://openalex.org/W1589223644","https://openalex.org/W1590400400","https://openalex.org/W1603382969","https://openalex.org/W1651273720","https://openalex.org/W1809895667","https://openalex.org/W1844476468","https://openalex.org/W1968945891","https://openalex.org/W1981563826","https://openalex.org/W1988843321","https://openalex.org/W1990337493","https://openalex.org/W1995940369","https://openalex.org/W2013277984","https://openalex.org/W2013846043","https://openalex.org/W2037038409","https://openalex.org/W2049202698","https://openalex.org/W2057807152","https://openalex.org/W2060849841","https://openalex.org/W2067481201","https://openalex.org/W2091570602","https://openalex.org/W2099293367","https://openalex.org/W2105227777","https://openalex.org/W2109060808","https://openalex.org/W2122534638","https://openalex.org/W2122540544","https://openalex.org/W2168502142","https://openalex.org/W2241720036","https://openalex.org/W2296139130","https://openalex.org/W2492370254","https://openalex.org/W2912898406","https://openalex.org/W2986348978","https://openalex.org/W3189142755","https://openalex.org/W4211046312","https://openalex.org/W4234292388"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2390434274","https://openalex.org/W2372844772","https://openalex.org/W149149604","https://openalex.org/W1567212218","https://openalex.org/W2054772472","https://openalex.org/W4206525147","https://openalex.org/W2558050860","https://openalex.org/W1556575854","https://openalex.org/W1771172737","https://openalex.org/W1561154148"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"surveys":[2],"the":[3,7,14,34,70],"current":[4],"state":[5],"of":[6,16,21,33,54,60,72],"object-oriented":[8,47],"paradigm":[9],"as":[10],"it":[11],"applies":[12],"to":[13],"handling":[15],"geo-referenced":[17],"information.":[18],"The":[19,43,57],"model":[20,32],"any":[22],"computerized":[23],"system":[24],"is":[25],"multi-layered,":[26],"with":[27],"a":[28],"high-level":[29],"system-independent":[30],"conceptual":[31],"application":[35],"domain":[36],"supported":[37],"by":[38],"increasingly":[39],"system-oriented":[40],"models":[41],"beneath.":[42],"author":[44],"argues":[45],"that":[46],"approaches":[48],"can":[49],"be":[50],"taken":[51],"at":[52],"each":[53],"these":[55],"layers.":[56],"major":[58],"constructs":[59],"object-orientation":[61],"are":[62],"discussed":[63],"from":[64],"this":[65],"layered":[66],"viewpoint":[67],"and":[68],"in":[69],"context":[71],"geo-information":[73],"handling.":[74]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}