{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2048352040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799008941555","title":"Positional uncertainty in manually digitized map data","display_name":"Positional uncertainty in manually digitized map data","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2048352040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799008941555","mag":"2048352040"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/02693799008941555","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799008941555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181446","display_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","issn_l":"0269-3798","issn":["0269-3798","1362-3087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of geographical information systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112185251","display_name":"Paul V. Bolstad","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"PAUL V. BOLSTAD","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Remote Sensing Center IES , University of Wisconsin , 1225 West Dayton Street, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, U.S.A","University of Wisconsin"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Remote Sensing Center IES , University of Wisconsin , 1225 West Dayton Street, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, U.S.A","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055263281","display_name":"Paul E. Gessler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0264-7679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"PAUL GESSLER","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Remote Sensing Center IES , University of Wisconsin , 1225 West Dayton Street, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, U.S.A","University of Wisconsin \u2013,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Remote Sensing Center IES , University of Wisconsin , 1225 West Dayton Street, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, U.S.A","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin \u2013,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071654763","display_name":"T. M. Lillesand","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"THOMAS M. LILLESAND","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Remote Sensing Center IES , University of Wisconsin , 1225 West Dayton Street, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, U.S.A","University of Wisconsin \u2013,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Remote Sensing Center IES , University of Wisconsin , 1225 West Dayton Street, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, U.S.A","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin \u2013,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112185251"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.4905,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":68,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97115654,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"4","first_page":"399","last_page":"412"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9782999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12983","display_name":"Satellite Image Processing and Photogrammetry","score":0.9764000177383423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normal-distribution","display_name":"Normal distribution","score":0.5006678104400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation","display_name":"Standard deviation","score":0.4726860821247101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4664454162120819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4522566795349121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.4404318928718567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.43560653924942017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4339861571788788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.4270889163017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37411630153656006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.10176914930343628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102094743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133871","display_name":"Normal distribution","level":2,"score":0.5006678104400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.4726860821247101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4664454162120819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4522566795349121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4404318928718567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.43560653924942017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4339861571788788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.4270889163017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37411630153656006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.10176914930343628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/02693799008941555","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799008941555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181446","display_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","issn_l":"0269-3798","issn":["0269-3798","1362-3087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of geographical information systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W181107242","https://openalex.org/W581273288","https://openalex.org/W1603595726","https://openalex.org/W1969474683","https://openalex.org/W2025320861","https://openalex.org/W2036125241","https://openalex.org/W2057721985","https://openalex.org/W2086774710","https://openalex.org/W2101320768","https://openalex.org/W2109228066","https://openalex.org/W2144242878","https://openalex.org/W2165695298","https://openalex.org/W2315626619","https://openalex.org/W2798510847","https://openalex.org/W2801830100","https://openalex.org/W3015647611","https://openalex.org/W4245718574","https://openalex.org/W4247845478","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W184736807","https://openalex.org/W4386440987","https://openalex.org/W2320862334","https://openalex.org/W4286664651","https://openalex.org/W2485362842","https://openalex.org/W3111430581","https://openalex.org/W2997761818","https://openalex.org/W4321601328","https://openalex.org/W1979381110","https://openalex.org/W2906545223"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"map":[1,56,112,218],"coordinates":[2,21],"represent":[3],"the":[4,16,41,53,60,106],"locations":[5,80],"of":[6,22,32,44,55,84,122,217],"real":[7],"world":[8],"entities.":[9,24],"As":[10],"such,":[11],"differences":[12,158,168],"can":[13],"exist":[14],"between":[15],"\u2018tru\u2019":[17],"and":[18,37,47,52,76,116,164,174,199],"digital":[19],"database":[20],"those":[23],"This":[25],"paper":[26,77],"reports":[27],"on":[28,59],"a":[29,82,133,149,181,185,193,206],"statistical":[30,120],"characterization":[31],"positional":[33,61,160],"error":[34],"in":[35,159,209],"manually-digitized":[36,127],"map-registered":[38],"point":[39,45,67,114,170],"data,":[40],"relative":[42,131],"contribution":[43],"type":[46,58,115,171,216],"operator":[48],"to":[49,104,110,132,215],"digitization":[50],"error,":[51],"effects":[54],"media":[57],"uncertainty":[62,161],"associated":[63,179,191],"with":[64,180,192],"registration.":[65],"Manually-digitized":[66],"data":[68,128],"were":[69,88,102,145,162,172,203,212],"collected":[70],"by":[71],"four":[72],"operators":[73],"from":[74,90,148],"mylar":[75],"maps.":[78,99],"Point":[79],"for":[81,126],"number":[83],"different":[85,147],"feature":[86],"types":[87],"sampled":[89],"United":[91],"States":[92],"Geological":[93],"Survey":[94],"(USGS)":[95],"1:24":[96],"000":[97],"scale":[98],"Linear":[100],"models":[101],"used":[103],"estimate":[105],"variance":[107],"components":[108,154],"due":[109],"among-operator,":[111],"media,":[113],"registration":[117],"effects.":[118],"The":[119],"distribution":[121],"signed":[123],"distance":[124,143,177,189,201],"deviations":[125,138,144,178,190,202],"was":[129],"leptokurtic":[130],"random":[134,151],"normal":[135,186],"variate.":[136,152],"Unsigned":[137,188],"averaged":[139,197],"0-054":[140],"mm.":[141],"Squared":[142],"not":[146,213],"Chi-square":[150],"Variance":[153],"indicate":[155],"that":[156],"among-operator":[157],"large":[163],"statistically":[165],"significant,":[166],"while":[167],"among":[169],"small":[173],"non-significant.":[175],"Signed":[176],"first-order":[182,194],"afhne":[183],"followed":[184],"distribution.":[187],"affinc":[195],"transformation":[196,210],"0068mm,":[198],"squared":[200],"distributed":[204],"as":[205],"Chi-square.":[207],"Differences":[208],"accuracy":[211],"related":[214],"media.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
