{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2068523300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02693798708927801","title":"KBGIS-II A knowledge-based geographical information system","display_name":"KBGIS-II A knowledge-based geographical information system","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2068523300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02693798708927801","mag":"2068523300"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/02693798708927801","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02693798708927801","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181446","display_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","issn_l":"0269-3798","issn":["0269-3798","1362-3087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of geographical information systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059870867","display_name":"Terence R. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9593-5420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"TERENCE SMITH","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California , Santa Barbara, California, 93106, U.S.A","University of California, Santa Barbara , California, 93106, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California , Santa Barbara, California, 93106, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara , California, 93106, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038844202","display_name":"Donna J. Peuquet","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"DONNA PEUQUET","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California , Santa Barbara, California, 93106, U.S.A","University of California, Santa Barbara , California, 93106, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California , Santa Barbara, California, 93106, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara , California, 93106, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087388248","display_name":"Sudhakar Menon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"SUDHAKAR MENON","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California , Santa Barbara, California, 93106, U.S.A","University of California, Santa Barbara , California, 93106, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California , Santa Barbara, California, 93106, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara , California, 93106, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058649592","display_name":"Pankaj K. Agarwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9439-181X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"PANKAJ AGARWAL","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California , Santa Barbara, California, 93106, U.S.A","University of California, Santa Barbara , California, 93106, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California , Santa Barbara, California, 93106, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara , California, 93106, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.6873,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":73,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97583122,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"2","first_page":"149","last_page":"172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7892686128616333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-base","display_name":"Knowledge base","score":0.6668843626976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.5254232883453369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-query","display_name":"Spatial query","score":0.5229181051254272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predicate","display_name":"Predicate (mathematical logic)","score":0.5104433298110962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadtree","display_name":"Quadtree","score":0.48638156056404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-database","display_name":"Spatial database","score":0.4833528697490692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-intelligence","display_name":"Spatial intelligence","score":0.4461626410484314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4388267695903778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4356236457824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.4132426679134369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.37480950355529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3628503680229187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.20750153064727783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-search-query","display_name":"Web search query","score":0.19556376338005066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine","display_name":"Search engine","score":0.11915436387062073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09504905343055725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-query-classification","display_name":"Web query classification","score":0.0939771831035614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08681908249855042}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7892686128616333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.6668843626976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.5254232883453369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172722865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2302053","display_name":"Spatial query","level":5,"score":0.5229181051254272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140146324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144319","display_name":"Predicate (mathematical logic)","level":2,"score":0.5104433298110962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151416825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934791","display_name":"Quadtree","level":2,"score":0.48638156056404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203689450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2302053","display_name":"Spatial database","level":3,"score":0.4833528697490692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155911833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3817354","display_name":"Spatial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.4461626410484314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4388267695903778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4356236457824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.4132426679134369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.37480950355529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3628503680229187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.20750153064727783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164120249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995982","display_name":"Web search query","level":3,"score":0.19556376338005066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.11915436387062073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09504905343055725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118689300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978614","display_name":"Web query classification","level":4,"score":0.0939771831035614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08681908249855042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/02693798708927801","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02693798708927801","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181446","display_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","issn_l":"0269-3798","issn":["0269-3798","1362-3087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of geographical information systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332500","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W78127136","https://openalex.org/W1663018970","https://openalex.org/W1968681979","https://openalex.org/W1968743014","https://openalex.org/W1988712728","https://openalex.org/W2000288754","https://openalex.org/W2020167157","https://openalex.org/W2033266778","https://openalex.org/W2050576295","https://openalex.org/W2068852367","https://openalex.org/W2069683773","https://openalex.org/W2073670920","https://openalex.org/W2080094742","https://openalex.org/W2083016274","https://openalex.org/W2094078373","https://openalex.org/W2105038716","https://openalex.org/W2111298660","https://openalex.org/W2135432705","https://openalex.org/W2600442579","https://openalex.org/W2740373864","https://openalex.org/W2911302472","https://openalex.org/W2916912610","https://openalex.org/W3148413064","https://openalex.org/W4230218702","https://openalex.org/W4251993963"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2029306088","https://openalex.org/W2104906863","https://openalex.org/W2356940829","https://openalex.org/W2122098189","https://openalex.org/W4251016002","https://openalex.org/W2171008029","https://openalex.org/W2362227810","https://openalex.org/W98693435","https://openalex.org/W78322106","https://openalex.org/W1498318397"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2],"describes":[3],"the":[4,100,106,113,116,126,134,152,156],"architecture":[5],"and":[6,34,133],"working":[7],"of":[8,62,103,112,118,121,140],"a":[9,49,60,67],"recently":[10],"implemented":[11,170],"knowledge-based":[12],"GIS":[13],"(KBGIS-II)":[14],"that":[15,45,65],"was":[16],"designed":[17,97],"to":[18,72,98,125,136,151],"satisfy":[19],"several":[20],"general":[21],"criteria":[22],"for":[23,42,75],"GIS.":[24],"The":[25,36,55,93,109,146,158],"system":[26,114,159],"has":[27],"four":[28],"major":[29],"functions,":[30],"query-answering,":[31],"learning,":[32],"editing":[33],"training.":[35],"main":[37,56],"query":[38],"finds":[39],"constrained":[40],"locations":[41,120],"spatial":[43,52,68,77,82,123,142],"objects":[44,78,124,143],"are":[46,88,131,149],"describable":[47],"in":[48,79,90,105],"predicate-calculus":[50],"based":[51],"object":[53,69],"language.":[54],"search":[57,73,94,104],"procedures":[58,64],"include":[59,115],"family":[61],"constraint-satisfaction":[63],"use":[66],"knowledge":[70,127,153],"base":[71,128,154],"efficiently":[74],"complex":[76,122],"large,":[80],"multi-layered":[81],"data":[83,86],"bases.":[84],"These":[85],"bases":[87],"represented":[89],"quadtree":[91],"form.":[92],"strategy":[95],"is":[96,160],"reduce":[99],"computational":[101],"cost":[102],"average":[107],"case.":[108],"learning":[110],"capabilities":[111],"addition":[117],"new":[119,141,147],"as":[129],"queries":[130],"answered,":[132],"ability":[135],"learn":[137],"inductively":[138],"definitions":[139,148],"from":[144],"examples.":[145],"added":[150],"by":[155],"system.":[157],"currently":[161,169],"performing":[162],"all":[163],"its":[164],"designated":[165],"tasks":[166],"successfully,":[167],"although":[168],"on":[171],"inadequate":[172],"hardware.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}