{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135034322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2021.1882367","title":"Estimating effects of ICT intensity on productivity, employment and output in South Africa: an industry-level analysis","display_name":"Estimating effects of ICT intensity on productivity, employment and output in South Africa: an industry-level analysis","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135034322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2021.1882367","mag":"3135034322"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/02681102.2021.1882367","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2021.1882367","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S119528808","display_name":"Information Technology for Development","issn_l":"0268-1102","issn":["0268-1102","1554-0170"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Technology for Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039298761","display_name":"Mapula Hildah Lefophane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0443-567X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90546491","display_name":"University of Limpopo","ror":"https://ror.org/017p87168","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90546491"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mapula Hildah Lefophane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90546491"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038789492","display_name":"Mmatlou Kalaba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9501-8128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","display_name":"University of Pretoria","ror":"https://ror.org/00g0p6g84","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mmatlou Kalaba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039298761"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90546491"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0713,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94523661,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"2","first_page":"346","last_page":"371"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.9714999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-and-communications-technology","display_name":"Information and Communications Technology","score":0.8078798651695251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity","display_name":"Productivity","score":0.6392884254455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance-decomposition-of-forecast-errors","display_name":"Variance decomposition of forecast errors","score":0.542877733707428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.5115826725959778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.48491841554641724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.39618223905563354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.16914811730384827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.1308610439300537}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67363961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5268834","display_name":"Information and Communications Technology","level":2,"score":0.8078798651695251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.6392884254455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89715816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915763","display_name":"Variance decomposition of forecast errors","level":2,"score":0.542877733707428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.5115826725959778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.48491841554641724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.39618223905563354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.16914811730384827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1308610439300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/02681102.2021.1882367","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2021.1882367","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S119528808","display_name":"Information Technology for Development","issn_l":"0268-1102","issn":["0268-1102","1554-0170"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Technology for Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:taf:titdxx:v:28:y:2022:i:2:p:346-371","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/02681102.2021.1882367","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/91865","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2263/91865","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401870","display_name":"UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","host_organization_name":"University of Pretoria","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Postprint Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4508159892","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEMD170713252759","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W567681613","https://openalex.org/W576699013","https://openalex.org/W811766317","https://openalex.org/W1145295258","https://openalex.org/W1484752360","https://openalex.org/W1526663354","https://openalex.org/W1528276490","https://openalex.org/W1534798215","https://openalex.org/W1557127350","https://openalex.org/W1557181239","https://openalex.org/W1587141723","https://openalex.org/W1808280180","https://openalex.org/W1966910378","https://openalex.org/W1969469148","https://openalex.org/W1969498655","https://openalex.org/W1975994995","https://openalex.org/W1980312645","https://openalex.org/W1986195536","https://openalex.org/W1991949906","https://openalex.org/W1995412842","https://openalex.org/W1998962666","https://openalex.org/W2009921490","https://openalex.org/W2012110799","https://openalex.org/W2034707435","https://openalex.org/W2046418514","https://openalex.org/W2057346721","https://openalex.org/W2071434239","https://openalex.org/W2074762403","https://openalex.org/W2078213728","https://openalex.org/W2080857873","https://openalex.org/W2085292821","https://openalex.org/W2094100292","https://openalex.org/W2097580026","https://openalex.org/W2110002822","https://openalex.org/W2110603299","https://openalex.org/W2117513178","https://openalex.org/W2141954228","https://openalex.org/W2148392977","https://openalex.org/W2149292156","https://openalex.org/W2149639062","https://openalex.org/W2150983842","https://openalex.org/W2152635972","https://openalex.org/W2153562738","https://openalex.org/W2159062951","https://openalex.org/W2169107902","https://openalex.org/W2272278353","https://openalex.org/W2316911941","https://openalex.org/W2522189868","https://openalex.org/W2556620774","https://openalex.org/W2947626232","https://openalex.org/W3021702324","https://openalex.org/W3121568183","https://openalex.org/W3121815405","https://openalex.org/W3121819939","https://openalex.org/W3122672173","https://openalex.org/W3122989282","https://openalex.org/W3123783127","https://openalex.org/W3123833473","https://openalex.org/W3124566680","https://openalex.org/W3125355682","https://openalex.org/W3125964871","https://openalex.org/W4231929233","https://openalex.org/W4243492369","https://openalex.org/W4243747522","https://openalex.org/W4302442023","https://openalex.org/W4385227259","https://openalex.org/W6636736513"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999404995","https://openalex.org/W3086648155","https://openalex.org/W2495453524","https://openalex.org/W2573790810","https://openalex.org/W1559202104","https://openalex.org/W3121275062","https://openalex.org/W3083098637","https://openalex.org/W2560234381","https://openalex.org/W3124539747","https://openalex.org/W1580490668"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1,136],"aims":[2],"to":[3,28,121],"estimate":[4],"the":[5,22,39,52,64,72,93,96,108,122,127,130],"effects":[6,53,91],"of":[7,16,43,54,95,101,129,139],"ICT":[8,23,55,84,117,146],"intensity":[9,24,56,85,118],"on":[10,92],"labor":[11,44],"productivity,":[12,45],"employment":[13,46],"and":[14,34,47,66,71,76,89],"output":[15,48],"agro-processing":[17],"industries.":[18,99,111,133],"To":[19],"achieve":[20],"this,":[21],"index":[25],"is":[26],"applied":[27],"rank":[29],"industries":[30,143],"into":[31],"\u2018more":[32],"ICT-intensive\u2019":[33,36],"\u2018less":[35],"groups.":[37],"Thereafter,":[38],"annual":[40],"growth":[41,94,128,141],"rates":[42],"were":[49,57],"calculated.":[50],"Ultimately,":[51],"examined":[58],"using":[59],"Pooled":[60],"Mean":[61],"Group":[62],"estimation,":[63],"Toda":[65],"Yamamoto":[67],"Granger":[68],"Non-Causality":[69],"Test,":[70],"Impulse":[73],"Response":[74],"Function":[75],"Variance":[77],"Decomposition":[78],"analyses.":[79],"The":[80,112],"findings":[81,113],"suggest":[82],"that":[83,116,144],"yields":[86],"higher":[87],"positive":[88],"significant":[90],"more":[97,109,120,131],"ICT-intensive":[98,110,132],"Evidence":[100],"a":[102],"causal":[103],"relationship":[104],"was":[105],"detected":[106],"for":[107,142],"further":[114],"proved":[115],"contributed":[119],"forecast":[123],"error":[124],"variance":[125],"in":[126],"Overall,":[134],"this":[135],"provides":[137],"evidence":[138],"ICT-led":[140],"use":[145],"most":[147],"intensively.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}