{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2121891701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/019722498128719","title":"The Distribution of Privacy Risks: Who Needs Protection?","display_name":"The Distribution of Privacy Risks: Who Needs Protection?","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2121891701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/019722498128719","mag":"2121891701"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/019722498128719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/019722498128719","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/019722498128719","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144363146","display_name":"The Information Society","issn_l":"0197-2243","issn":["0197-2243","1087-6537"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Information Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/019722498128719","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076876658","display_name":"Charles D. Raab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4579-0320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charles D. Raab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Politics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland","University of Edin-burgh, Department of Politics, 31 Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh, Scot-land EH8 9JT","School of Social and Political Science"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Politics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edin-burgh, Department of Politics, 31 Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh, Scot-land EH8 9JT","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Social and Political Science","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076876658"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.6925,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":73,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9795861,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"263","last_page":"274"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11573","display_name":"Risk Perception and Management","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11573","display_name":"Risk Perception and Management","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9797999858856201,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10747","display_name":"Disaster Management and Resilience","score":0.9199000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/objectivity","display_name":"Objectivity (philosophy)","score":0.603352963924408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.6028262972831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personally-identifiable-information","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","score":0.6000869870185852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.5554547905921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5249350666999817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-by-design","display_name":"Privacy by Design","score":0.5143629312515259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.49947667121887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.47405025362968445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-protection-act-1998","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","score":0.4714672863483429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-perception","display_name":"Risk perception","score":0.45337459444999695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.4422970116138458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-policy","display_name":"Privacy policy","score":0.4401066303253174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.33514636754989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3322596549987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2749245762825012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.26284223794937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.1796657145023346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.11038777232170105}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2482559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206330","display_name":"Objectivity (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.603352963924408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.6028262972831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169093310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3702971","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","level":2,"score":0.6000869870185852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.5554547905921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5249350666999817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193934123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246028","display_name":"Privacy by Design","level":3,"score":0.5143629312515259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.49947667121887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47405025362968445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.4714672863483429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163355716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154783","display_name":"Risk perception","level":3,"score":0.45337459444999695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4422970116138458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102938260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999831","display_name":"Privacy policy","level":3,"score":0.4401066303253174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.33514636754989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3322596549987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2749245762825012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.26284223794937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1796657145023346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.11038777232170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/019722498128719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/019722498128719","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/019722498128719","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144363146","display_name":"The Information Society","issn_l":"0197-2243","issn":["0197-2243","1087-6537"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Information Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:openaire/d65f5e47-6e65-4771-a79b-4be551a0da1b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/d65f5e47-6e65-4771-a79b-4be551a0da1b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922455","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Raab, C & Bennett, C J 1998, 'The Distribution of Privacy Risks : Who Needs Protection?', The Information Society, vol. 14, no. 4.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/d65f5e47-6e65-4771-a79b-4be551a0da1b","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820/d65f5e47-6e65-4771-a79b-4be551a0da1b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922455","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/019722498128719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/019722498128719","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/019722498128719","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144363146","display_name":"The Information Society","issn_l":"0197-2243","issn":["0197-2243","1087-6537"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Information Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2121891701.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2121891701.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480201135","https://openalex.org/W1528664920","https://openalex.org/W1586403850","https://openalex.org/W1601629960","https://openalex.org/W2078496793","https://openalex.org/W2091069417","https://openalex.org/W2156799558","https://openalex.org/W2325693514","https://openalex.org/W2798492534","https://openalex.org/W2908521715","https://openalex.org/W2936649601","https://openalex.org/W3184218770","https://openalex.org/W6628754589","https://openalex.org/W6631396753","https://openalex.org/W6635832449","https://openalex.org/W6673209958","https://openalex.org/W6814510556","https://openalex.org/W6816888080","https://openalex.org/W6831022031","https://openalex.org/W6832688608"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2476957992","https://openalex.org/W3042284153","https://openalex.org/W4241527182","https://openalex.org/W576625533","https://openalex.org/W2116878667","https://openalex.org/W2154524064","https://openalex.org/W2132024542","https://openalex.org/W2994243660","https://openalex.org/W4250923762","https://openalex.org/W2066609493"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0,126,147],"is":[1,21],"commonly":[2],"accepted":[3],"that":[4,120,133],"the":[5,43,63,76,113,117,137,140,152,159,164],"use":[6],"of":[7,62,66,94,116,139,142,163,166],"personal":[8,47],"information":[9,67],"in":[10,45,109,151],"business":[11],"and":[12,29,35,42,69,75,80,87,96,124,145,161],"government":[13],"puts":[14],"individual":[15],"privacy":[16,85,143,167],"at":[17,128],"risk.":[18],"However,":[19],"little":[20],"known":[22],"about":[23,158],"these":[24],"risks":[25,144],"for":[26,84,89],"instance,":[27],"whether":[28],"how":[30,36],"they":[31,37],"can":[32,53],"be":[33],"measured,":[34],"vary":[38],"across":[39],"social":[40],"groups":[41],"sectors":[44],"which":[46],"data":[48,110,118],"are":[49],"used.":[50],"Unless":[51],"we":[52],"gain":[54],"a":[55,90],"purchase":[56],"on":[57,136,154],"such":[58],"issues,":[59],"our":[60],"knowledge":[61],"societal":[64],"effects":[65],"technology":[68],"systems":[70],"will":[71,98],"remain":[72,99],"de":[73],"cient,":[74],"ability":[77],"to":[78],"make":[79],"implement":[81],"better":[82,122],"policies":[83],"protection,":[86,97,111],"perhaps":[88],"more":[91],"equitable":[92],"distribution":[93,141],"risk":[95,165],"impaired.":[100],"The":[101],"article":[102],"explores":[103],"this":[104],"topic,":[105],"examining":[106],"conventional":[107],"paradigms":[108],"including":[112],"one-dimensional":[114],"view":[115],"subject,":[119],"inhibit":[121],"conceptualizations":[123],"practices.":[125],"looks":[127],"some":[129],"comparative":[130],"survey":[131],"evidence":[132],"casts":[134],"light":[135],"question":[138],"concerns.":[146],"examines":[148],"theoretical":[149],"issues":[150],"literature":[153],"risk,":[155],"raising":[156],"questions":[157],"objectivity":[160],"perception":[162],"invasion.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
