{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2006436563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/019722497129124","title":"The Adequacy of Privacy: The European Union Data Protection Directive and the North American Response","display_name":"The Adequacy of Privacy: The European Union Data Protection Directive and the North American Response","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2006436563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/019722497129124","mag":"2006436563"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/019722497129124","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/019722497129124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144363146","display_name":"The Information Society","issn_l":"0197-2243","issn":["0197-2243","1087-6537"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Information Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000530962","display_name":"COLIN J. BENNETT CHARLES D. RAAB","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"COLIN J. BENNETT CHARLES D. RAAB","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000530962"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6608,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88040007,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"245","last_page":"264"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12921","display_name":"European Criminal Justice and Data Protection","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12921","display_name":"European Criminal Justice and Data Protection","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14493","display_name":"Criminal Law and Evidence","score":0.9484000205993652,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14259","display_name":"Legal Rights and Human Rights","score":0.9429000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-protection-directive","display_name":"Data Protection Directive","score":0.8177469372749329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-union","display_name":"European union","score":0.7890437841415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-data-protection-regulation","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","score":0.7127379179000854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-protection-act-1998","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","score":0.7077754735946655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stipulation","display_name":"Stipulation","score":0.680191695690155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy-law","display_name":"Information privacy law","score":0.6352224349975586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ratification","display_name":"Ratification","score":0.6294022798538208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directive","display_name":"Directive","score":0.5773755311965942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.5063971281051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.4838773012161255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subsidiarity","display_name":"Subsidiarity","score":0.4614729881286621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-trade","display_name":"International trade","score":0.4532921016216278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ftc-fair-information-practice","display_name":"FTC Fair Information Practice","score":0.4515133202075958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.4171242415904999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.3445173501968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-administration","display_name":"Public administration","score":0.3389417827129364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-union-law","display_name":"European Union law","score":0.3269510269165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.29865315556526184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-policy","display_name":"Privacy policy","score":0.2159784436225891}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52487910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911488","display_name":"Data Protection Directive","level":4,"score":0.8177469372749329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.7890437841415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3090818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172506","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","level":3,"score":0.7127379179000854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.7077754735946655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781451568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16965475","display_name":"Stipulation","level":2,"score":0.680191695690155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78524284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031155","display_name":"Information privacy law","level":4,"score":0.6352224349975586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776713681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193170","display_name":"Ratification","level":3,"score":0.6294022798538208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779547435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1121492","display_name":"Directive","level":2,"score":0.5773755311965942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5063971281051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4838773012161255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146847282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466938","display_name":"Subsidiarity","level":3,"score":0.4614729881286621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.4532921016216278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163981777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5427184","display_name":"FTC Fair Information Practice","level":5,"score":0.4515133202075958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.4171242415904999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3445173501968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.3389417827129364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115314567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208202","display_name":"European Union law","level":3,"score":0.3269510269165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.29865315556526184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102938260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999831","display_name":"Privacy policy","level":3,"score":0.2159784436225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/019722497129124","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/019722497129124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144363146","display_name":"The Information Society","issn_l":"0197-2243","issn":["0197-2243","1087-6537"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Information Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W108548517","https://openalex.org/W134887430","https://openalex.org/W620238612","https://openalex.org/W1481373788","https://openalex.org/W1520958771","https://openalex.org/W1569322941","https://openalex.org/W1593131668","https://openalex.org/W1599324232","https://openalex.org/W1985559169","https://openalex.org/W1987495074","https://openalex.org/W2030443682","https://openalex.org/W2078496793","https://openalex.org/W2133857770","https://openalex.org/W2168250154","https://openalex.org/W2258424258","https://openalex.org/W2562870501","https://openalex.org/W2936649601","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W265982320","https://openalex.org/W3133531941","https://openalex.org/W2901967497","https://openalex.org/W2516883919","https://openalex.org/W3145888020","https://openalex.org/W2789497412","https://openalex.org/W3173096964","https://openalex.org/W3151425858","https://openalex.org/W2981440830","https://openalex.org/W4390694465"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,47],"recently":[1],"passed":[2],"European":[3,14,30,72,123,167,232],"Directive":[4],"on":[5,32,142],"the":[6,65,71,80,91,102,143,156,166,173,178,197,204,227,231],"Protection":[7,235],"of":[8,22,99,146,203,230],"Personal":[9],"Data":[10,234],"aims":[11],"to":[12,76,117,128,151,165,187,226],"harmonize":[13],"data":[15,44,84,148,162],"protection":[16,23,45,163],"law":[17],"at":[18],"a":[19,29,33,39,57,132,189,223],"higher":[20],"level":[21,98],"than":[24,196],"exists":[25],"now.":[26],"It":[27],"represents":[28],"consensus":[31],"standard":[34],"for":[35,41,50,194],"personal":[36,147],"privacy":[37,195],"and":[38,52,62,111,120,150,177,200,215],"model":[40],"countries":[42],"without":[43],"laws.":[46],"protracted":[48],"process":[49,103],"agreement":[51],"ratification,":[53],"however,":[54],"has":[55],"produced":[56],"document":[58],"with":[59],"many":[60],"derogations":[61],"ambiguities,":[63],"reflecting":[64],"wider":[66],"moves":[67],"towards":[68],"''subsidiarity''":[69],"within":[70,218],"Union.":[73],"Of":[74],"concern":[75,136],"North":[77,137],"America":[78],"is":[79,113,209],"stipulation":[81],"that":[82,134,140],"transborder":[83],"flow":[85],"may":[86],"not":[87],"be":[88,109,118,126],"permitted":[89],"unless":[90],"receiving":[92],"country":[93],"can":[94,159],"demonstrate":[95],"an":[96,185],"''adequate''":[97,161],"protection.":[100],"While":[101],"through":[104,172],"which":[105,220],"this":[106],"provision":[107],"will":[108,125],"interpreted":[110],"applied":[112],"so":[114],"far":[115],"found":[116],"complicated":[119],"unclear,":[121],"nevertheless":[122],"authorities":[124],"reluctant":[127],"tolerate":[129],"''data":[130],"havens,''":[131],"fact":[133],"should":[135],"American":[138],"business":[139],"relies":[141],"unimpeded":[144],"flows":[145],"from":[149],"Europe.":[152],"Neither":[153],"Canada":[154],"nor":[155],"United":[157,205],"States":[158],"claim":[160],"according":[164],"standard.":[168],"However,":[169],"Canadian":[170,174],"efforts":[171],"Standards":[175],"Association":[176],"Federal":[179],"Information":[180],"Highway":[181],"Advisory":[182],"Council":[183],"signal":[184],"attempt":[186],"fashion":[188],"more":[190,198],"comprehensive":[191],"policy":[192],"framework":[193],"incremental":[199],"reactive":[201],"approach":[202],"States.":[206],"This":[207],"divergence":[208],"explained":[210],"by":[211],"key":[212],"cultural,":[213],"economic,":[214],"political":[216],"factors":[217],"Canada,":[219],"have":[221],"caused":[222],"different":[224],"reaction":[225],"extraterritorial":[228],"effects":[229],"Union's":[233],"Directive.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}