{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2100047082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240050133634","title":"Shaping the Web: Why the Politics of Search Engines Matters","display_name":"Shaping the Web: Why the Politics of Search Engines Matters","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2100047082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240050133634","mag":"2100047082"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/01972240050133634","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240050133634","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144363146","display_name":"The Information Society","issn_l":"0197-2243","issn":["0197-2243","1087-6537"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Information Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098017307","display_name":"Lucas D. Introna","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0090zs177","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lucas D. Introna, Helen Nissenbaum","raw_affiliation_strings":["The London School of Economics and Political Science ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The London School of Economics and Political Science ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5098017307"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.6894,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":701,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99236602,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"3","first_page":"169","last_page":"185"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.8172657489776611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raising","display_name":"Raising (metalworking)","score":0.5378215909004211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.5065871477127075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5050612092018127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-and-economics","display_name":"Law and economics","score":0.3896195590496063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37772223353385925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.3470347225666046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.33857885003089905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3264179825782776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.20504379272460938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.1848200559616089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12988847494125366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.8172657489776611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780589192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7285140","display_name":"Raising (metalworking)","level":2,"score":0.5378215909004211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5065871477127075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5050612092018127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3896195590496063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37772223353385925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3470347225666046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.33857885003089905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3264179825782776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.20504379272460938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1848200559616089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12988847494125366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/01972240050133634","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240050133634","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144363146","display_name":"The Information Society","issn_l":"0197-2243","issn":["0197-2243","1087-6537"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Information Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.93.4052","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.93.4052","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://epl.scu.edu/~stsvalues/readings/ShapingTheWeb.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:148341","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/148341/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Contribution in Book/Report/Proceedings"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:46784","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/46784/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Contribution in Book/Report/Proceedings"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:47410","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/47410/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Contribution in Book/Report/Proceedings"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W108880703","https://openalex.org/W112859681","https://openalex.org/W1500229497","https://openalex.org/W1511057236","https://openalex.org/W1512483161","https://openalex.org/W1519711754","https://openalex.org/W1520745034","https://openalex.org/W1972845925","https://openalex.org/W2006447892","https://openalex.org/W2029341294","https://openalex.org/W2032480780","https://openalex.org/W2079333567","https://openalex.org/W2083225864","https://openalex.org/W2104367111","https://openalex.org/W2112881931","https://openalex.org/W2125630863","https://openalex.org/W2132595075","https://openalex.org/W2170048845","https://openalex.org/W2324627472","https://openalex.org/W2324990071","https://openalex.org/W2796098425","https://openalex.org/W2796508300","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2349031816","https://openalex.org/W1985929414","https://openalex.org/W2354572397","https://openalex.org/W2286952125","https://openalex.org/W2382114635","https://openalex.org/W4386088090","https://openalex.org/W2166657566","https://openalex.org/W3163570241","https://openalex.org/W2354655943","https://openalex.org/W2385857730"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"argues":[2],"that":[3,21,57,89],"search":[4,18,107],"engines":[5,19],"raise":[6],"not":[7],"merely":[8],"technical":[9],"issues":[10],"but":[11],"also":[12],"political":[13],"ones.":[14],"Our":[15],"study":[16],"of":[17,39,43,53,66,78,102,106],"suggests":[20],"they":[22],"systematically":[23,45],"exclude":[24],"(in":[25],"some":[26,49],"cases":[27],"by":[28],"design":[29],"and":[30,36,87,97],"in":[31,41,70,112],"some,":[32],"accidentally)":[33],"certain":[34,37],"sites":[35,40],"types":[38],"favor":[42],"others,":[44],"giving":[46],"prominence":[47],"to":[48,63,74,84],"at":[50],"the":[51,67,75,79,85,104,114],"expense":[52],"others.":[54],"We":[55,99],"argue":[56],"such":[58],"biases,":[59],"which":[60],"would":[61],"lead":[62],"a":[64],"narrowing":[65],"Web's":[68],"functioning":[69],"society,":[71],"run":[72],"counter":[73],"basic":[76],"architecture":[77],"Web":[80],"as":[81,83,119],"well":[82],"values":[86],"ideals":[88],"have":[90],"fueled":[91],"widespread":[92],"support":[93],"for":[94],"its":[95],"growth":[96],"development.":[98],"consider":[100],"ways":[101],"addressing":[103],"politics":[105],"engines,":[108],"raising":[109],"doubts":[110],"whether,":[111],"particular,":[113],"market":[115],"mechanism":[116],"could":[117],"serve":[118],"an":[120],"acceptable":[121],"corrective.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":27}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}