{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2092837968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01969720302861","title":"IDENTIFICATION AND DOING WITHOUT IT, IV: A FORMAL MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS FOR THE FEVEROLES CASE, OF MIX-UP OF KINDS AND ENSUING LITIGATION; AND A FORMALISM FOR THE \"CARDIFF GIANT\" DOUBLE HOAX","display_name":"IDENTIFICATION AND DOING WITHOUT IT, IV: A FORMAL MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS FOR THE FEVEROLES CASE, OF MIX-UP OF KINDS AND ENSUING LITIGATION; AND A FORMALISM FOR THE \"CARDIFF GIANT\" DOUBLE HOAX","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2092837968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01969720302861","mag":"2092837968"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/01969720302861","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01969720302861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117436046","display_name":"Cybernetics & Systems","issn_l":"0196-9722","issn":["0196-9722","1087-6553"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybernetics and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025944060","display_name":"Ephraim Nissan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55060895","display_name":"University of Greenwich","ror":"https://ror.org/00bmj0a71","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"EPHRAIM NISSAN","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Greenwich, Greenwich, London, England, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Greenwich, Greenwich, London, England, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025944060"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1244,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92511859,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"6-7","first_page":"501","last_page":"530"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.9355000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.9355000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13583","display_name":"Jury Decision Making Processes","score":0.9297000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plaintiff","display_name":"Plaintiff","score":0.709924578666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.664841890335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.5594477653503418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formalism","display_name":"Formalism (music)","score":0.5183663964271545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrative","display_name":"Narrative","score":0.5166450142860413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verdict","display_name":"Verdict","score":0.46530964970588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hoax","display_name":"Hoax","score":0.461349755525589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/appeal","display_name":"Appeal","score":0.4544747769832611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/possession","display_name":"Possession (linguistics)","score":0.4262339174747467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complaint","display_name":"Complaint","score":0.42599624395370483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jury","display_name":"Jury","score":0.42481160163879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4098372459411621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.371915340423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.3498634696006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.3421734571456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.21679472923278809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.1349853277206421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literature","display_name":"Literature","score":0.12857374548912048}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97460637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468489","display_name":"Plaintiff","level":2,"score":0.709924578666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.664841890335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5594477653503418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73301696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469984","display_name":"Formalism (music)","level":3,"score":0.5183663964271545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.5166450142860413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776213154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13370881","display_name":"Verdict","level":2,"score":0.46530964970588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35361118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190084","display_name":"Hoax","level":3,"score":0.461349755525589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778449503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329777","display_name":"Appeal","level":2,"score":0.4544747769832611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780193096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3543662","display_name":"Possession (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4262339174747467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780838233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836925","display_name":"Complaint","level":2,"score":0.42599624395370483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776119841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837675","display_name":"Jury","level":2,"score":0.42481160163879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4098372459411621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.371915340423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.3498634696006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3421734571456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.21679472923278809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1349853277206421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.12857374548912048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558565934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743","display_name":"Musical","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/01969720302861","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01969720302861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117436046","display_name":"Cybernetics & Systems","issn_l":"0196-9722","issn":["0196-9722","1087-6553"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cybernetics and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W193807643","https://openalex.org/W561105416","https://openalex.org/W575184931","https://openalex.org/W606130062","https://openalex.org/W609273416","https://openalex.org/W630917260","https://openalex.org/W631604558","https://openalex.org/W635298896","https://openalex.org/W1523009563","https://openalex.org/W1530996933","https://openalex.org/W1563635790","https://openalex.org/W1565855566","https://openalex.org/W1566301929","https://openalex.org/W1593262000","https://openalex.org/W1964159333","https://openalex.org/W1966516819","https://openalex.org/W2037083003","https://openalex.org/W2058493834","https://openalex.org/W2071085248","https://openalex.org/W2128232567","https://openalex.org/W2146544759","https://openalex.org/W2561277497","https://openalex.org/W2840507161","https://openalex.org/W2999879234","https://openalex.org/W3170967787","https://openalex.org/W4232803131","https://openalex.org/W4234294245","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4298235924","https://openalex.org/W4302364613","https://openalex.org/W4319783208","https://openalex.org/W6630018649","https://openalex.org/W6723189037","https://openalex.org/W6750730095"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2373686724","https://openalex.org/W4293278865","https://openalex.org/W960444111","https://openalex.org/W3022065722","https://openalex.org/W2034046863","https://openalex.org/W1520765451","https://openalex.org/W4249911698","https://openalex.org/W2476655275","https://openalex.org/W2599023645","https://openalex.org/W1843058052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Apart":[0],"from":[1,154],"the":[2,27,52,84,94,102,158,163,171,176,191,202,213],"problem":[3,14],"of":[4,19,22,32,41,56,72,81,96,140,150,175,201],"misidentifying":[5],"individual":[6,9,53,77],"persons":[7],"or":[8,78,204],"items,":[10],"a":[11,38,57,79,88,97,107,135,151],"more":[12,146],"general":[13],"in":[15,74,99,105,182,199],"classification":[16,45],"is":[17,46,54,90],"that":[18,44,123,160],"miscategorization,":[20,42],"i.e.,":[21],"assigning":[23],"something":[24],"given":[25],"to":[26,145,162,187],"wrong":[28],"kind.":[29],"The":[30,180],"misidentification":[31],"individuals":[33],"can":[34],"be":[35],"viewed":[36],"as":[37],"particular":[39],"case":[40],"such":[43],"with":[47],"some":[48],"singleton":[49],"kind":[50,139],"(i.e.,":[51],"one":[55,198],"kind).":[58],"Two":[59],"cases":[60],"are":[61],"discussed":[62],"and":[63,127,131],"formalized":[64],"(with":[65],"somewhat":[66],"different":[67],"conventions).":[68],"We":[69],"exemplify":[70],"situations":[71],"ambiguity":[73],"identifying":[75],"an":[76,111],"class":[80],"individuals.":[82],"In":[83],"first":[85],"example":[86],"considered,":[87],"formalism":[89],"developed":[91],"for":[92,113],"representing":[93],"gist":[95],"casenote":[98],"mercantile":[100],"law,":[101],"Feveroles":[103],"Case,":[104],"which":[106,188],"firm,":[108],"upon":[109],"receiving":[110],"order":[112],"feveroles,":[114],"was":[115,190],"misled":[116],"by":[117],"its":[118],"own":[119],"supplier":[120],"into":[121,128],"believing":[122],"'feveroles'":[124],"means":[125],"'horsebeans',":[126],"ordering":[129],"horsebeans":[130],"then":[132],"supplying":[133],"feves,":[134],"different,":[136],"less":[137],"valuable":[138],"horsebeans.":[141],"Next,":[142],"we":[143],"proceed":[144],"sketchily":[147],"formalize":[148],"aspects":[149],"legal":[152],"narrative":[153],"19th-century":[155],"America;":[156],"namely,":[157],"facts":[159],"led":[161],"suit":[164],"against":[165,212],"Barnum":[166],"concerning":[167],"his":[168],"claims":[169,211],"about":[170],"two":[172],"competing":[173,214],"exhibitions":[174],"alleged":[177],"Cardiff":[178],"Giant.":[179],"verdict":[181],"court":[183],"occurred":[184],"without":[185],"regard":[186],"exhibit":[189,215],"\"real,\"":[192],"original":[193],"object":[194],"so":[195],"named":[196],"(the":[197],"possession":[200],"plaintiff,":[203],"Barnum's),":[205],"because":[206],"intervening":[207],"testimony":[208],"made":[209],"Barnum's":[210],"unobjectionable.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}