{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387774774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01611194.2023.2261121","title":"Why the French military cryptanalysis failed to break Enigma","display_name":"Why the French military cryptanalysis failed to break Enigma","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387774774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01611194.2023.2261121"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/01611194.2023.2261121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01611194.2023.2261121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185196701","display_name":"Cryptologia","issn_l":"0161-1194","issn":["0161-1194","1558-1586"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptologia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037783794","display_name":"Jean-Charles Foucrier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5623-571X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6665906","display_name":"Carrier (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00my8w381","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6665906"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Charles Foucrier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Correspondencejc.foucrier@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5623-571X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Correspondencejc.foucrier@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6665906"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037783794"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6665906"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.26692449,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"6","first_page":"483","last_page":"505"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12572","display_name":"Intelligence, Security, War Strategy","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12572","display_name":"Intelligence, Security, War Strategy","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13993","display_name":"Historical Geopolitical and Social Dynamics","score":0.9247000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.5692812204360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german","display_name":"German","score":0.5568147301673889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surprise","display_name":"Surprise","score":0.5315152406692505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classics","display_name":"Classics","score":0.35174912214279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.3440042734146118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humanities","display_name":"Humanities","score":0.3277313709259033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.22665104269981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.17887970805168152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology","display_name":"Archaeology","score":0.0781218409538269}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.5692812204360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.5568147301673889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780343955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333173","display_name":"Surprise","level":2,"score":0.5315152406692505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74916050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090","display_name":"Classics","level":1,"score":0.35174912214279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3440042734146118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15708023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80083","display_name":"Humanities","level":1,"score":0.3277313709259033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.22665104269981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.17887970805168152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0781218409538269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/01611194.2023.2261121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01611194.2023.2261121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185196701","display_name":"Cryptologia","issn_l":"0161-1194","issn":["0161-1194","1558-1586"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptologia","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1836739718","https://openalex.org/W1926553647","https://openalex.org/W2017123879","https://openalex.org/W2039918238","https://openalex.org/W2046172629","https://openalex.org/W2190900162","https://openalex.org/W2995351844","https://openalex.org/W3208331925","https://openalex.org/W4231400701","https://openalex.org/W6621424481","https://openalex.org/W6640172672","https://openalex.org/W7065761977"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4236382845","https://openalex.org/W4388712630","https://openalex.org/W2481168998","https://openalex.org/W2476994687","https://openalex.org/W642988558","https://openalex.org/W2324507472","https://openalex.org/W1999899047","https://openalex.org/W2173353921","https://openalex.org/W2810824260","https://openalex.org/W4385750187"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"AbstractIn":[0],"July":[1,767],"1939,":[2,536,547,558],"when":[3],"the":[4,8,17,28,35,42,59,68,72,81,85,88,103,118,127,141,146,153,170,488,787,793,808,817,826],"French":[5,29,73,104,137,150,485,788],"military":[6,43,138,822],"discovered":[7],"possibility":[9],"of":[10,62,87,136,149,165,792,828,844],"breaking":[11],"Enigma":[12,76],"thanks":[13],"to":[14,55,74,443,490,498,501,578,590],"revelations":[15],"from":[16,77,145,440,575,587,807],"Polish":[18,63,89],"Cipher":[19],"Service,":[20],"it":[21,52],"came":[22],"as":[23],"a":[24,134,484,499,783,801,814,841],"complete":[25],"surprise.":[26],"Although":[27],"secret":[30],"services":[31],"had":[32,48],"known":[33,97],"about":[34],"German":[36],"machine":[37],"for":[38,129],"almost":[39],"ten":[40],"years,":[41],"cryptologists":[44],"based":[45],"in":[46,65,122,140,152,479,804,816],"Paris":[47],"quickly":[49],"concluded":[50],"that":[51],"was":[53,167],"impossible":[54],"break":[56],"it.":[57],"Only":[58],"forced":[60],"exile":[61],"mathematicians":[64],"France":[66],"after":[67],"1939":[69,583,595],"campaign":[70],"enabled":[71],"decipher":[75],"January":[78,727],"1940":[79],"until":[80,111],"June":[82],"defeat.":[83],"While":[84],"story":[86],"and":[90,100,132,196,270,506,528,699,812,821,840],"British":[91],"cryptological":[92],"successes":[93],"is":[94,782,813,825],"now":[95],"well":[96],"through":[98],"academic":[99],"mainstream":[101],"literature,":[102],"failure":[105],"has":[106],"received":[107],"virtually":[108],"no":[109,238,385,404,703],"attention":[110],"now.":[112],"Using":[113],"unpublished":[114],"archives":[115],"held":[116],"at":[117,786],"Defense":[119,794],"Historical":[120,208,795],"Service":[121,202,209,796],"Vincennes,":[123,212],"this":[124,130],"study":[125],"analyzes":[126],"reasons":[128],"fiasco":[131],"paints":[133],"picture":[135],"cryptanalysis":[139],"1930s,":[142],"quite":[143],"different":[144],"past":[147],"success":[148],"codebreakers":[151],"First":[154],"World":[155,819],"War.Keywords:":[156],"EnigmaFrench":[157],"cryptanalysisWorld":[158],"War":[159,820],"II":[160],"Disclosure":[161],"statementNo":[162],"potential":[163],"conflict":[164],"interest":[166],"reported":[168],"by":[169,188],"author(s).Notes1":[171],"De":[172],"Lastours":[173],"(Citation1998,":[174],"212).2":[175],"Kahn":[176],"(Citation1996),":[177],"Ollier":[178],"(2004),":[179],"Forcade":[180,263],"(Citation2008).3":[181],"Some":[182],"very":[183],"short":[184],"indications":[185],"are":[186],"given":[187],"Widman":[189,698],"&":[190],"Wik":[191,700],"(Citation2021,":[192],"31),":[193],"Canuel":[194],"(Citation2013)":[195],"Faligot":[197],"(Citation2001).4":[198],"Ribadeau-Dumas":[199,274],"(Citation1975,":[200,275],"24).5":[201],"Historique":[203],"de":[204,217,227,234,248,300,307,314,328,348,369,378,391,410,419,458,469,540,561,622,625,650,666,669,684,709,756,760,762,771,833],"la":[205,459,623,667,834],"D\u00e9fense":[206],"[Defense":[207],"\u2013":[210],"DHS],":[211],"France.6":[213],"DHS,":[214,224,230,237,244,257,280,290,296,303,310,317,325,336,352,365,375,384,397,403,416,422,428,437,453,535,546,557,573,585,607,617,634,647,661,681,702,715,736,742,765],"1937,":[215,326,337],"Feuille":[216,327,418,649,683],"renseignements":[218,329,651,685],"concernant":[219,330,652,686],"le":[220,331,467,653,687,749,754],"Capitaine":[221],"Braqueni\u00e9":[222,334,350,359,544,656,690,751],"(DHS).7":[223],"1913,":[225],"Relev\u00e9":[226,240,354,399],"notes":[228,242,284,340,356,370,401,420,550,611],"(DHS).8":[229],"1912,":[231],"Feuillet":[232,246,259,292,298,305,312,424,430,559,717,738,769],"individuel":[233,247,299,306,313,368,560,770],"campagne":[235,249,301,308,315,772],"(DHS).9":[236],"date,":[239,386,405,704],"des":[241,283,321,339,355,394,400,413,549,564,610,712,838],"(DHS).10":[243],"1930,":[245],"(DHS).11":[250],"Bertrand":[251,254,372,450,481,518],"(DHS,":[252,255,373,473,632,676],"10).12":[253],"147).13":[256],"1936,":[258,311,353],"du":[260,293,344,346,357,389,408,425,431,538,551,553,613,639,707,718,731,739],"personnel":[261,294,345,426,432,554,719,740],"(DHS).14":[262],"(Citation2008,":[264],"179\u2013180).15":[265],"Paillole":[266],"(Citation2013,":[267],"130\u2013140).16":[268],"Durand-Richard":[269],"Guillot":[271],"(Citation2014,":[272],"160).17":[273],"26\u201327).18":[276],"Rivet":[277,381,442,577,642],"(Citation2010,":[278,382],"99).19":[279],"1932,":[281,291],"R\u00e9sum\u00e9":[282],"ant\u00e9rieures":[285],"\u00e0":[286,456,461,542],"l\u2019ann\u00e9e":[287],"1932":[288],"(DHS).20":[289],"(DHS).21":[295],"1931,":[297],"(DHS).22":[302],"1933,":[304],"(DHS).23":[309],"(DHS).24":[316],"1921,":[318],"Dipl\u00f4me":[319],"d\u2019ing\u00e9nieur":[320],"Travaux":[322],"publics":[323],"(DHS).25":[324],"capitaine":[332,347,358,654,688,750],"Henri":[333,360,543,655,689],"(DHS).26":[335],"Copie":[338,548,609],"inscrites":[341],"au":[342,758],"feuillet":[343,552],"r\u00e9serve":[349],"(DHS).27":[351],"(DHS).28":[361],"Kozaczuk":[362,527,567,600,644,693],"(Citation1989,":[363,568,601,645,694],"328).29":[364],"1938,":[366,376,429,438],"Bulletin":[367,377],"(DHS).30":[371],"151).31":[374],"d\u00e9c\u00e8s":[379],"(DHS).32":[380],"198).33":[383],"Fiche":[387,406,705],"biographique":[388,407,706],"g\u00e9n\u00e9ral":[390,409,708],"brigade":[392,411,710],"Joubert":[393,412,563,711],"Ouches":[395,414,565,713],"(DHS).34":[396],"1935,":[398],"(DHS).35":[402],"(DHS).36":[415],"1909,":[417],"(DHS).37":[421],"1940,":[423,608,637],"(DHS).38":[427],"(DHS).39":[433],"Stengers":[434,532],"(Citation2004,":[435,522,530,533],"451).40":[436],"Letter":[439,574,586],"Louis":[441,576,591,641],"Stewart":[444],"Menzies,":[445],"14":[446],"December":[447],"1938":[448],"(DHS).41":[449],"(Citation1973,":[451,519],"57).42":[452],"1949,":[454,618,662],"Contribution":[455],"l\u2019\u00e9tude":[457],"Machine":[460],"Chiffrer":[462],"\u201cEnigma\u201d":[463],"(type":[464],"Wehrmacht)":[465],"par":[466,627,671],"S.R.":[468],"l\u2019E.M.A.":[470],"(de":[471],"1931\u20131942)":[472],"151\u2013152).":[474],"In":[475],"his":[476],"memoirs,":[477],"published":[478],"1973,":[480],"mentioned":[482],"only":[483],"\u201cexpert,\u201d":[486],"deleting":[487],"reference":[489],"\u201cCne":[491],"B.\u201d":[492],"It":[493],"may":[494],"have":[495],"been":[496],"due":[497],"desire":[500],"spare":[502],"Braqueni\u00e9,":[503],"still":[504],"alive":[505],"totally":[507],"unknown.43":[508],"Batey":[509,570],"(Citation2019,":[510,571],"70),":[511],"Turing":[512,515,722],"(30,":[513],"152).44":[514],"(2022,":[516,723],"152).45":[517],"58).46":[520],"Erskine":[521],"300).47":[523],"Rejewski":[524],"(Citation2011,":[525,659],"66),":[526],"Straszak":[529],"236).48":[531],"464).49":[534],"Lettre":[537],"minist\u00e8re":[539],"l\u2019Air":[541,763],"(DHS).50":[545],"(DHS).51":[555],"Ibid.52":[556],"campagne,":[562],"(DHS).53":[566],"318).54":[569],"90).55":[572],"Alastair":[579,588],"Denniston,":[580],"8":[581],"November":[582,594],"(DHS).56":[584],"Denniston":[589],"Rivet,":[592],"11":[593],"(DHS).57":[596],"Kapera":[597,658],"(Citation2015,":[598],"106).58":[599],"320).59":[602],"Ibid.":[603,605,678,696],"(322).60":[604],"(321).61":[606],"feuille":[612],"personnel,":[614],"(DHS).62":[615],"Ibid.63":[616],"Etudes":[619,663],"et":[620,664],"R\u00e9sultats":[621,665],"Recherche":[624,668],"Renseignement":[626,670],"les":[628,672],"moyens":[629,673],"techniques":[630,674],"(1930\u20131942)":[631,675],"40).64":[633],"20":[635],"August":[636],"Note":[638],"Colonel":[640],"(DHS).65":[643],"323\u2013328).66":[646],"1945,":[648,682,745,768],"(DHS).67":[657],"63\u201367).68":[660],"46).69":[677],"(41).70":[679],"Ibid.71":[680],"(DHS).72":[691],"Ibid.73":[692],"323).74":[695],"(327).75":[697],"(Citation2021).76":[701],"(DHS).77":[714],"1943,":[716,728,737],"(DHS).78":[720],"Ibid.79":[721],"306\u2013307).80":[724],"DAA,":[725],"9":[726],"Rapport":[729,746],"n\u00b0662":[730],"Commissaire":[732],"divisionnaire":[733],"(DAA).81":[734],"Ibid.82":[735],"(DHS).83":[741],"22":[743],"March":[744],"particulier":[747],"sur":[748],"propos\u00e9":[752],"pour":[753],"grade":[755],"commandant":[757],"titre":[759],"l\u2019arm\u00e9e":[761],"(DHS).84":[764],"13":[766],"(DHS).85":[773],"Beaufre":[774],"(Citation2020,":[775],"124\u2013125).Additional":[776],"informationNotes":[777],"on":[778],"contributorsJean-Charles":[779],"FoucrierJean-Charles":[780],"Foucrier":[781],"research":[784],"fellow":[785],"Air":[789],"Force":[790],"office":[791],"(Vincennes,":[797],"France).":[798],"He":[799,824],"holds":[800],"doctorate":[802],"(PhD)":[803],"contemporary":[805],"history":[806],"ParisIV":[809],"Sorbonne":[810],"University":[811],"specialist":[815],"Second":[818],"aviation.":[823],"author":[827],"two":[829],"books":[830],"(La":[831],"Strategie":[832],"Destruction;":[835],"La":[836],"Guerre":[837],"Scientifiques)":[839],"critical":[842],"edition":[843],"General":[845],"von":[846],"Choltitz\u2019s":[847],"memoirs.":[848]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}