{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387542100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01611194.2023.2259376","title":"Leo Marks\u2019 \u201cmental one-time pad\u201d: an experimental cipher for British special operations in World War II","display_name":"Leo Marks\u2019 \u201cmental one-time pad\u201d: an experimental cipher for British special operations in World War II","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387542100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01611194.2023.2259376"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/01611194.2023.2259376","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01611194.2023.2259376","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185196701","display_name":"Cryptologia","issn_l":"0161-1194","issn":["0161-1194","1558-1586"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptologia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008014772","display_name":"Tom Larsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6392-314X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2905213637","display_name":"TomTom (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/04as6y835","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2905213637"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Larsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Correspondencetom@tomlarsen.org"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6392-314X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Correspondencetom@tomlarsen.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2905213637"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008014772"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2905213637"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12462478,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"5","first_page":"427","last_page":"436"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9825999736785889,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cipher","display_name":"Cipher","score":0.7717479467391968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transposition-cipher","display_name":"Transposition cipher","score":0.6024896502494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-war-ii","display_name":"World War II","score":0.46582338213920593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46284598112106323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.45949652791023254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transposition","display_name":"Transposition (logic)","score":0.4348371922969818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spanish-civil-war","display_name":"Spanish Civil War","score":0.4281129240989685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.373052179813385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.3615802824497223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.3564079701900482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.3209339380264282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/running-key-cipher","display_name":"Running key cipher","score":0.2573487460613251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2406487762928009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.1792530119419098}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4681865","display_name":"Cipher","level":3,"score":0.7717479467391968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71247151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840498","display_name":"Transposition cipher","level":5,"score":0.6024896502494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137355542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362","display_name":"World War II","level":2,"score":0.46582338213920593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46284598112106323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.45949652791023254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12455157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7835331","display_name":"Transposition (logic)","level":2,"score":0.4348371922969818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81631423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859","display_name":"Spanish Civil War","level":2,"score":0.4281129240989685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.373052179813385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.3615802824497223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3564079701900482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3209339380264282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64119674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380031","display_name":"Running key cipher","level":4,"score":0.2573487460613251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2406487762928009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1792530119419098}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/01611194.2023.2259376","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01611194.2023.2259376","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185196701","display_name":"Cryptologia","issn_l":"0161-1194","issn":["0161-1194","1558-1586"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptologia","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W652021799","https://openalex.org/W1563585979","https://openalex.org/W2011818206","https://openalex.org/W2028014700","https://openalex.org/W2228531183","https://openalex.org/W2322130605","https://openalex.org/W2405786642","https://openalex.org/W2513705370","https://openalex.org/W2995351844","https://openalex.org/W3027597388","https://openalex.org/W4299683115","https://openalex.org/W6621563077","https://openalex.org/W6888500779","https://openalex.org/W7067684438"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2262391239","https://openalex.org/W4312829945","https://openalex.org/W3030685797","https://openalex.org/W3105635744","https://openalex.org/W642550860","https://openalex.org/W1966717458","https://openalex.org/W4285233598","https://openalex.org/W2408595026","https://openalex.org/W2950447949","https://openalex.org/W2553744703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"AbstractDuring":[0],"World":[1],"War":[2,135],"II,":[3],"Leo":[4,128],"Marks":[5,32,62],"designed":[6],"ciphers":[7,36,137],"for":[8,53],"the":[9,69,79,108,115,147,160,171],"British":[10,30],"Special":[11],"Operations":[12],"Executive":[13],"(SOE).":[14],"Tasked":[15],"with":[16,37,64,95],"ensuring":[17],"that":[18],"SOE":[19],"undercover":[20],"agents":[21],"could":[22],"encrypt":[23],"radio":[24],"transmissions":[25],"from":[26,122],"Nazi-occupied":[27],"Europe":[28],"to":[29,58,76,98],"headquarters,":[31],"introduced":[33],"one-time":[34,86,130],"pad":[35,87,131],"random":[38],"keys":[39],"printed":[40],"on":[41,150],"materials":[42,50],"like":[43],"paper":[44],"and":[45,111,118,175,182],"silk.":[46],"However,":[47],"carrying":[48],"such":[49],"was":[51,82,144],"risky":[52],"agents.":[54],"In":[55,103],"an":[56,155],"attempt":[57],"mitigate":[59],"this":[60,104],"risk,":[61],"experimented":[63],"a":[65,84],"system":[66],"he":[67],"called":[68],"\u201cMental":[70],"One-Time":[71],"Pad\u201d":[72],"(MOP)":[73],"cipher.":[74],"Contrary":[75],"its":[77],"name,":[78],"MOP":[80,116],"cipher":[81],"not":[83],"genuine":[85],"system,":[88],"but":[89],"rather":[90],"used":[91],"double":[92],"columnar":[93],"transposition":[94],"memorized":[96],"texts":[97],"create":[99],"unique":[100],"substitution":[101],"keys.":[102],"article,":[105],"we\u2019ll":[106],"explore":[107],"design,":[109],"vulnerabilities,":[110],"historical":[112],"significance":[113],"of":[114,142,173],"cipher,":[117],"discuss":[119],"potential":[120,140],"improvements":[121],"US":[123],"Army":[124],"cryptographer":[125],"William":[126],"Friedman.Keywords:":[127],"Marksmental":[129],"(MOP)transposition-substitution":[132],"ciphersWilliam":[133],"FriedmanWorld":[134],"II":[136],"Disclosure":[138],"statementNo":[139],"conflict":[141],"interest":[143],"reported":[145],"by":[146],"authors.Additional":[148],"informationNotes":[149],"contributorsThomas":[151],"LarsenThomas":[152],"Larsen":[153],"is":[154],"Australian":[156],"data":[157],"scientist":[158],"in":[159,166,180],"commercial":[161],"sector":[162],"as":[163,165],"well":[164],"critical":[167],"care":[168],"research":[169],"at":[170],"University":[172],"Melbourne":[174],"Monash":[176],"University.":[177],"He":[178],"specializes":[179],"accurate":[181],"interpretable":[183],"(A+I)":[184],"machine":[185],"learning":[186],"techniques":[187],"including":[188],"symbolic":[189],"regression.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
