{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2010494859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01611190903030920","title":"Attacking Letter Substitution Ciphers with Integer Programming","display_name":"Attacking Letter Substitution Ciphers with Integer Programming","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-09-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2010494859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01611190903030920","mag":"2010494859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/01611190903030920","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01611190903030920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185196701","display_name":"Cryptologia","issn_l":"0161-1194","issn":["0161-1194","1558-1586"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptologia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103605539","display_name":"Sujith Ravi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108542","display_name":"Schlumberger (Ireland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01mcc7007","country_code":"IE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092184","https://openalex.org/I4210108542"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sujith Ravi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Correspondencesravi@isi.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Correspondencesravi@isi.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108542"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106821597","display_name":"Kevin Knight","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9117-1718"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Knight","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103605539"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108542"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4895,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92677938,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"4","first_page":"321","last_page":"334"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.974399983882904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.9541000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decipherment","display_name":"Decipherment","score":0.9283360242843628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cipher","display_name":"Cipher","score":0.7064628005027771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6996389627456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substitution","display_name":"Substitution (logic)","score":0.6690230369567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secrecy","display_name":"Secrecy","score":0.5304645299911499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/running-key-cipher","display_name":"Running key cipher","score":0.464000403881073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4511600136756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4510773718357086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4277503490447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer","display_name":"Integer (computer science)","score":0.41651085019111633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.40711724758148193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.21866223216056824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1924252212047577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.18775975704193115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778467380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345443","display_name":"Decipherment","level":2,"score":0.9283360242843628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4681865","display_name":"Cipher","level":3,"score":0.7064628005027771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6996389627456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778220771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1522579","display_name":"Substitution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.6690230369567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.5304645299911499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64119674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380031","display_name":"Running key cipher","level":4,"score":0.464000403881073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4511600136756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4510773718357086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4277503490447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729138","display_name":"Integer (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.41651085019111633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.40711724758148193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.21866223216056824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1924252212047577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.18775975704193115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/01611190903030920","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01611190903030920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185196701","display_name":"Cryptologia","issn_l":"0161-1194","issn":["0161-1194","1558-1586"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptologia","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W182831726","https://openalex.org/W1532319377","https://openalex.org/W1963547452","https://openalex.org/W1971072387","https://openalex.org/W1982616741","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2003931252","https://openalex.org/W2053007711","https://openalex.org/W2062508496","https://openalex.org/W2109394932","https://openalex.org/W2109664771","https://openalex.org/W2136346830","https://openalex.org/W2618735189","https://openalex.org/W4213255380"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991849747","https://openalex.org/W2172267041","https://openalex.org/W2350007300","https://openalex.org/W2011030412","https://openalex.org/W2010494859","https://openalex.org/W4386576877","https://openalex.org/W4388743740","https://openalex.org/W3030685797","https://openalex.org/W3147181481","https://openalex.org/W3190354679"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1,31,51],"introduce":[2],"a":[3,43],"method":[4,15],"for":[5],"solving":[6],"substitution":[7],"ciphers":[8],"using":[9,19],"low-order":[10],"letter":[11],"n-gram":[12,49],"models.":[13],"This":[14],"enforces":[16],"global":[17],"constraints":[18],"integer":[20],"programming,":[21],"and":[22,48],"it":[23],"guarantees":[24],"that":[25],"no":[26],"decipherment":[27,39],"key":[28],"is":[29],"overlooked.":[30],"carry":[32],"out":[33],"extensive":[34],"empirical":[35,55],"experiments":[36],"showing":[37],"how":[38],"accuracy":[40],"varies":[41],"as":[42],"function":[44],"of":[45,57,68,86],"cipher":[46],"length":[47],"order.":[50],"also":[52],"make":[53],"an":[54],"investigation":[56],"Shannon's":[58],"[12":[59],"Shannon":[60],",":[61,75,82],"C.":[62],"E.":[63],"1949":[64],".":[65],"\u201cCommunication":[66],"Theory":[67],"Secrecy":[69],"Systems,\u201d":[70],"Bell":[71],"System":[72],"Technical":[73],"Journal":[74],"28":[76],":":[77],"656":[78],"\u2013":[79],"715":[80],".[Crossref]":[81],"[Google":[83],"Scholar]]":[84],"theory":[85],"uncertainty":[87],"in":[88],"decipherment.":[89]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
