{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2035255659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01611190701506022","title":"Bulldozer: A Cribless Rapid Analytical Machine (RAM) Solution to Enigma and its Variations","display_name":"Bulldozer: A Cribless Rapid Analytical Machine (RAM) Solution to Enigma and its Variations","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2035255659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01611190701506022","mag":"2035255659"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/01611190701506022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01611190701506022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185196701","display_name":"Cryptologia","issn_l":"0161-1194","issn":["0161-1194","1558-1586"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptologia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087354251","display_name":"Lee A. Gladwin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108542","display_name":"Schlumberger (Ireland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01mcc7007","country_code":"IE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092184","https://openalex.org/I4210108542"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lee A. Gladwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Correspondencelee.gladwin@nara.gov"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Correspondencelee.gladwin@nara.gov","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108542"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087354251"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108542"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4845,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88224656,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"4","first_page":"305","last_page":"315"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12572","display_name":"Intelligence, Security, War Strategy","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12572","display_name":"Intelligence, Security, War Strategy","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5674446225166321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german","display_name":"German","score":0.50734943151474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.12911561131477356}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5674446225166321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.50734943151474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.12911561131477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/01611190701506022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01611190701506022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185196701","display_name":"Cryptologia","issn_l":"0161-1194","issn":["0161-1194","1558-1586"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptologia","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W267442994","https://openalex.org/W1538383993","https://openalex.org/W2001736819","https://openalex.org/W2094889643","https://openalex.org/W2790884788"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2065387230","https://openalex.org/W2323937687","https://openalex.org/W1995767100","https://openalex.org/W648995381","https://openalex.org/W2141885522","https://openalex.org/W2776312268","https://openalex.org/W4246315097","https://openalex.org/W2975591548","https://openalex.org/W346029495"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"breaking":[2],"of":[3,14],"German":[4],"Naval":[5],"Enigma":[6,38],"ciphers":[7],"relied":[8],"heavily":[9],"on":[10],"finding":[11],"cribs.":[12,29,67],"Most":[13],"the":[15,32],"now":[16],"well-known":[17],"bombes":[18],"and":[19,58],"Rapid":[20],"Analytical":[21],"Machine(s)":[22],"were":[23,43],"designed":[24,62],"to":[25,63],"assist":[26],"with":[27],"discovering":[28],"What":[30],"if":[31],"Germans":[33],"make":[34],"changes":[35],"in":[36],"their":[37],"machine,":[39],"for":[40],"which":[41],"there":[42],"few":[44],"or":[45],"no":[46],"cribs?":[47],"This":[48],"article":[49],"looks":[50],"at":[51],"a":[52,60],"time":[53],"when":[54],"this":[55],"nearly":[56],"happened":[57],"Bulldozer,":[59],"machine":[61],"break":[64],"keys":[65],"without":[66]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
