{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2897031486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2018.1480906","title":"Optimising parcel deliveries in London using dual-mode routing","display_name":"Optimising parcel deliveries in London using dual-mode routing","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2897031486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2018.1480906","mag":"2897031486"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/01605682.2018.1480906","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2018.1480906","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S169988927","display_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society","issn_l":"0160-5682","issn":["0160-5682","1476-9360"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319703","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319703","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/134508/1/Manuscript_submitted_1st_revision.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071146004","display_name":"Thu Ba T. Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0529-3170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thu Ba T. Nguy\u00ea\u02dcn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southampton Business School, Centre for Operational Research, Management Science and Information Systems (CORMSIS), University of Southampton, UK;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southampton Business School, Centre for Operational Research, Management Science and Information Systems (CORMSIS), University of Southampton, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021959924","display_name":"Tolga Bekta\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0634-144X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tolga Bekta\u015f","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southampton Business School, Centre for Operational Research, Management Science and Information Systems (CORMSIS), University of Southampton, UK;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southampton Business School, Centre for Operational Research, Management Science and Information Systems (CORMSIS), University of Southampton, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049730759","display_name":"Tom Cherrett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0394-5459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom J. Cherrett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Southampton, UK;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Southampton, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053304030","display_name":"Fraser McLeod","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5784-9342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fraser N. McLeod","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Southampton, UK;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Southampton, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108356201","display_name":"Julian Allen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94951947","display_name":"University of Westminster","ror":"https://ror.org/04ycpbx82","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94951947"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Allen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Westminster, UK;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Westminster, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94951947"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072864710","display_name":"Oliver Bates","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6249-8700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliver Bates","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, UK;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045667285","display_name":"Marzena Piotrowska","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94951947","display_name":"University of Westminster","ror":"https://ror.org/04ycpbx82","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94951947"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marzena Piotrowska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Westminster, UK;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Westminster, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94951947"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111899251","display_name":"Maja Piecyk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94951947","display_name":"University of Westminster","ror":"https://ror.org/04ycpbx82","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94951947"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maja Piecyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Westminster, UK;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Westminster, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94951947"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031519539","display_name":"Adrian Friday","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9228-7365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Friday","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, UK;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007805334","display_name":"Sarah Wise","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5552-4747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Wise","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071146004"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4148,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87674038,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"6","first_page":"998","last_page":"1010"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12306","display_name":"Urban and Freight Transport Logistics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12306","display_name":"Urban and Freight Transport Logistics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.702655017375946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/travelling-salesman-problem","display_name":"Travelling salesman problem","score":0.6771740913391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6528559327125549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-routing-problem","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","score":0.6207217574119568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/last-mile","display_name":"Last mile (transportation)","score":0.6069842576980591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.5380650758743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.512789785861969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.423613578081131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.4184035658836365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.37903088331222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.28176775574684143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.22674497961997986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mile","display_name":"Mile","score":0.20304331183433533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14769136905670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09600359201431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07535693049430847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.702655017375946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175859090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322212","display_name":"Travelling salesman problem","level":2,"score":0.6771740913391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6528559327125549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123784306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944041","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","level":3,"score":0.6207217574119568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45440154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6494801","display_name":"Last mile (transportation)","level":3,"score":0.6069842576980591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.5380650758743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.512789785861969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.423613578081131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.4184035658836365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.37903088331222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.28176775574684143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.22674497961997986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186379835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253276","display_name":"Mile","level":2,"score":0.20304331183433533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14769136905670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09600359201431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07535693049430847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/01605682.2018.1480906","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2018.1480906","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S169988927","display_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society","issn_l":"0160-5682","issn":["0160-5682","1476-9360"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319703","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319703","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:134508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/134508/1/Manuscript_submitted_1st_revision.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:421422","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2018.1480906>).","pdf_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/421422/1/Optimising_Parcel_Deliveries_in_London_Using_Dual_Mode_Routing_preprint.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:taf:tjorxx:v:70:y:2019:i:6:p:998-1010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01605682.2018.1480906","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10065558","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10065558/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society , 70 (6) pp. 998-1010. (2019)","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uobrep.openrepository.com:10547/626002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10547/626002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400178","display_name":"University of Bedfordshire Repository (University of Bedfordshire)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I147554453","host_organization_name":"University of Bedfordshire","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147554453"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:134508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/134508/1/Manuscript_submitted_1st_revision.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3095606473","display_name":"Freight Traffic Control 2050: transforming the energy demands of last-mile urban freight through collaborative logistics","funder_award_id":"EP/N02222X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7806693005","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N02222X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2897031486.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1673436661","https://openalex.org/W1700519216","https://openalex.org/W1972335984","https://openalex.org/W1973551898","https://openalex.org/W1978101274","https://openalex.org/W1982419391","https://openalex.org/W1989463481","https://openalex.org/W1990293270","https://openalex.org/W2010587722","https://openalex.org/W2018269848","https://openalex.org/W2019741214","https://openalex.org/W2026150998","https://openalex.org/W2042065515","https://openalex.org/W2049287714","https://openalex.org/W2050731992","https://openalex.org/W2056295481","https://openalex.org/W2063334967","https://openalex.org/W2067061580","https://openalex.org/W2074278669","https://openalex.org/W2080894457","https://openalex.org/W2083974195","https://openalex.org/W2093698911","https://openalex.org/W2115781168","https://openalex.org/W2120018826","https://openalex.org/W2121666077","https://openalex.org/W2162344698","https://openalex.org/W2168381469","https://openalex.org/W2251882317","https://openalex.org/W2584833029","https://openalex.org/W2596687583","https://openalex.org/W2741862398","https://openalex.org/W4240663250","https://openalex.org/W4252801674"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3005711171","https://openalex.org/W4224218878","https://openalex.org/W2991021195","https://openalex.org/W2050406788","https://openalex.org/W2801680303","https://openalex.org/W90773260","https://openalex.org/W2897031486","https://openalex.org/W4310251926","https://openalex.org/W2808635102","https://openalex.org/W4304992144"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Last-mile":[0],"delivery":[1,15,141],"operations":[2],"are":[3],"complex,":[4],"and":[5,35,55],"the":[6,46,56,76,86,123,130],"conventional":[7],"way":[8],"of":[9,14,75,88,106,119],"using":[10],"a":[11,27,38,52,73,97,103,112],"single":[12,39],"mode":[13],"(e.g.":[16],"driving)":[17],"is":[18,72,93],"not":[19],"necessarily":[20],"an":[21,107],"efficient":[22],"strategy.":[23],"This":[24],"paper":[25],"describes":[26],"two-level":[28],"parcel":[29,113],"distribution":[30],"model":[31,42,71],"that":[32],"combines":[33],"walking":[34,58],"driving":[36],"for":[37],"driver.":[40],"The":[41,70],"aims":[43],"to":[44,95,102,139],"minimise":[45],"total":[47,124],"travelling":[48],"time":[49,126],"by":[50],"scheduling":[51],"vehicle\u2019s":[53],"routing":[54],"driver\u2019s":[57],"sequence":[59,87],"when":[60],"making":[61],"deliveries,":[62],"taking":[63],"decisions":[64],"on":[65],"parking":[66],"locations":[67],"into":[68],"consideration.":[69],"variant":[74],"Clustered":[77],"Travelling":[78],"Salesman":[79],"Problem":[80],"with":[81],"Time":[82],"Windows,":[83],"in":[84,116,122],"which":[85],"visits":[89],"within":[90],"each":[91],"cluster":[92],"required":[94],"form":[96],"closed":[98],"tour.":[99],"When":[100],"applied":[101],"case":[104],"study":[105],"actual":[108],"vehicle":[109],"round":[110],"from":[111],"carrier":[114],"operating":[115],"London,":[117],"savings":[118],"over":[120,129],"20%":[121],"operation":[125],"were":[127,136],"returned":[128],"current":[131],"situation":[132],"where":[133],"144":[134],"parcels":[135],"being":[137],"delivered":[138],"57":[140],"locations.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-19T07:52:34.831488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}