{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2792036146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2017.1421848","title":"Bias in Balance Optimization Subset Selection: Exploration through examples","display_name":"Bias in Balance Optimization Subset Selection: Exploration through examples","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2792036146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2017.1421848","mag":"2792036146"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/01605682.2017.1421848","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2017.1421848","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S169988927","display_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society","issn_l":"0160-5682","issn":["0160-5682","1476-9360"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319703","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319703","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065520444","display_name":"Hee Youn Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6158-8843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hee Youn Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6158-8843","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079537698","display_name":"Jason J. Sauppe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9916-7000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4657992","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013La Crosse","ror":"https://ror.org/00x8ccz20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4657992"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason J. Sauppe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Wisconsin\u2013La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9916-7000","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Wisconsin\u2013La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4657992"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018895822","display_name":"Sheldon H. Jacobson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9042-8750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheldon H. Jacobson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9042-8750","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065520444"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.635,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68385254,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"1","first_page":"67","last_page":"80"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boss","display_name":"Boss","score":0.9378845691680908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistic","display_name":"Statistic","score":0.5985562801361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5796318650245667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5547510385513306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.5476700663566589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection-bias","display_name":"Selection bias","score":0.545498251914978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.46397146582603455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balance","display_name":"Balance (ability)","score":0.46297046542167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.454128623008728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.42246904969215393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.4159846007823944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2949165105819702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2059744894504547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.19441723823547363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.18603208661079407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10855790972709656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.09926539659500122}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777020290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4947493","display_name":"Boss","level":2,"score":0.9378845691680908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89128539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1949963","display_name":"Statistic","level":2,"score":0.5985562801361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5796318650245667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5547510385513306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5476700663566589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40423286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284172","display_name":"Selection bias","level":2,"score":0.545498251914978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.46397146582603455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168031717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280","display_name":"Balance (ability)","level":2,"score":0.46297046542167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.454128623008728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.42246904969215393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.4159846007823944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2949165105819702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2059744894504547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.19441723823547363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.18603208661079407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10855790972709656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09926539659500122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/01605682.2017.1421848","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2017.1421848","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S169988927","display_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society","issn_l":"0160-5682","issn":["0160-5682","1476-9360"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319703","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319703","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:taf:tjorxx:v:70:y:2019:i:1:p:67-80","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01605682.2017.1421848","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6525665189","display_name":"Collaborative Research:  Shifting Paradigms: Using Subset Selection to Obtain Matched Samples","funder_award_id":"0849223","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19849081","https://openalex.org/W658722133","https://openalex.org/W1975963778","https://openalex.org/W2027739215","https://openalex.org/W2094368311","https://openalex.org/W2096695938","https://openalex.org/W2105286122","https://openalex.org/W2121360982","https://openalex.org/W2130212511","https://openalex.org/W2136484149","https://openalex.org/W2151337887","https://openalex.org/W2162020674","https://openalex.org/W2167961909","https://openalex.org/W2522358929","https://openalex.org/W2742517395","https://openalex.org/W4234961057","https://openalex.org/W4255049520"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2606073172","https://openalex.org/W2354475262","https://openalex.org/W2125356288","https://openalex.org/W2128302072","https://openalex.org/W2970622411","https://openalex.org/W2015192756","https://openalex.org/W1584420410","https://openalex.org/W28184141","https://openalex.org/W2120815133","https://openalex.org/W2095855481"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"estimating":[1],"a":[2,21,65,69],"treatment":[3],"effect":[4],"from":[5,88],"observational":[6],"data,":[7],"researchers":[8],"encounter":[9],"bias":[10,43],"regardless":[11],"of":[12,24,47,78,98],"estimation":[13,25],"methods.":[14],"In":[15,82],"this":[16],"paper,":[17],"we":[18,63],"focus":[19],"on":[20],"particular":[22],"method":[23],"called":[26],"Balance":[27],"Optimization":[28],"Subset":[29],"Selection":[30],"(BOSS).":[31],"This":[32],"paper":[33],"investigates":[34],"all":[35],"the":[36,45,58,76,79,89],"possible":[37],"cases":[38,53,97],"that":[39,103],"may":[40],"lead":[41],"to":[42,56,75],"in":[44,106],"context":[46],"BOSS,":[48],"provides":[49],"examples":[50],"for":[51],"those":[52],"and":[54,68,101],"tries":[55],"mitigate":[57],"bias.":[59],"While":[60],"doing":[61],"so,":[62],"define":[64],"balance":[66],"hierarchy":[67],"correct":[70],"imbalance":[71,85],"measure":[72],"which":[73],"corresponds":[74],"form":[77],"response":[80],"functions.":[81],"addition,":[83],"new":[84],"measures":[86],"drawn":[87],"Cramer-von":[90],"Mises":[91],"test":[92],"statistic":[93],"are":[94,111],"introduced.":[95],"The":[96],"insufficient":[99],"data":[100],"suboptimality":[102],"can":[104],"arise":[105],"causal":[107],"analysis":[108],"with":[109],"BOSS":[110],"also":[112],"presented.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}