{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4295942769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2022.2118078","title":"Outcomes of virtual reality technology in the management of generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","display_name":"Outcomes of virtual reality technology in the management of generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4295942769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2022.2118078"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/0144929x.2022.2118078","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2022.2118078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123849098","display_name":"Behaviour and Information Technology","issn_l":"0144-929X","issn":["0144-929X","1362-3001"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behaviour &amp; Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Outcomes_of_virtual_reality_technology_in_the_management_of_generalised_anxiety_disorder_a_systematic_review_and_meta-analysis/21119933","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055008036","display_name":"Khadijah Alahmari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Khadijah Alahmari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of CSIT School of SEMS, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of CSIT School of SEMS, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086858785","display_name":"Henry Been\u2010Lirn Duh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4808-6109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henry Duh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of CSIT School of SEMS, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of CSIT School of SEMS, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067445633","display_name":"Richard Skarbez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2783-5257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Skarbez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of CSIT School of SEMS, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of CSIT School of SEMS, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055008036"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.035,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86727252,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"14","first_page":"2353","last_page":"2365"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10853","display_name":"Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10853","display_name":"Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13283","display_name":"Mental Health Research Topics","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anxiety","display_name":"Anxiety","score":0.757489800453186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-analysis","score":0.710639476776123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-intervention","display_name":"Psychological intervention","score":0.5968719720840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalized-anxiety-disorder","display_name":"Generalized anxiety disorder","score":0.5864804983139038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.5779839158058167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-life","display_name":"Quality of life (healthcare)","score":0.5316992998123169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.5017781257629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression","display_name":"Depression (economics)","score":0.48470211029052734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.4661406874656677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-psychology","display_name":"Clinical psychology","score":0.4442570209503174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.38061079382896423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3257634937763214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry","display_name":"Psychiatry","score":0.32279258966445923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.1925475001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing","display_name":"Nursing","score":0.0786658525466919}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.757489800453186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.710639476776123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5968719720840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779911313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845224","display_name":"Generalized anxiety disorder","level":3,"score":0.5864804983139038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.5779839158058167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779951463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268788","display_name":"Quality of life (healthcare)","level":2,"score":0.5316992998123169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5017781257629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.48470211029052734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.4661406874656677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.4442570209503174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.38061079382896423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3257634937763214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.32279258966445923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1925475001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0786658525466919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/0144929x.2022.2118078","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2022.2118078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123849098","display_name":"Behaviour and Information Technology","issn_l":"0144-929X","issn":["0144-929X","1362-3001"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behaviour &amp; Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:taf:tbitxx:v:42:y:2023:i:14:p:2353-2365","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0144929X.2022.2118078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/21119933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Outcomes_of_virtual_reality_technology_in_the_management_of_generalised_anxiety_disorder_a_systematic_review_and_meta-analysis/21119933","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21119933.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21119933.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/21119933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Outcomes_of_virtual_reality_technology_in_the_management_of_generalised_anxiety_disorder_a_systematic_review_and_meta-analysis/21119933","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W143325385","https://openalex.org/W162908134","https://openalex.org/W1212620601","https://openalex.org/W1537972189","https://openalex.org/W1598602811","https://openalex.org/W1976499435","https://openalex.org/W2003223449","https://openalex.org/W2005501262","https://openalex.org/W2005536919","https://openalex.org/W2008135715","https://openalex.org/W2010708932","https://openalex.org/W2016422529","https://openalex.org/W2017376388","https://openalex.org/W2029379930","https://openalex.org/W2033585778","https://openalex.org/W2041894260","https://openalex.org/W2044207303","https://openalex.org/W2065796326","https://openalex.org/W2098923148","https://openalex.org/W2105728679","https://openalex.org/W2111540817","https://openalex.org/W2125435699","https://openalex.org/W2144227562","https://openalex.org/W2155384729","https://openalex.org/W2173230887","https://openalex.org/W2208617120","https://openalex.org/W2345646625","https://openalex.org/W2374483418","https://openalex.org/W2468996569","https://openalex.org/W2611287876","https://openalex.org/W2740567311","https://openalex.org/W2790909468","https://openalex.org/W2794997027","https://openalex.org/W2804729907","https://openalex.org/W2884641336","https://openalex.org/W2899704744","https://openalex.org/W2911718758","https://openalex.org/W2918739891","https://openalex.org/W2924324045","https://openalex.org/W2954068464","https://openalex.org/W2969770407","https://openalex.org/W2982587943","https://openalex.org/W3017231304","https://openalex.org/W3040587847","https://openalex.org/W3082815613","https://openalex.org/W3092776222","https://openalex.org/W3180463083","https://openalex.org/W3183266754","https://openalex.org/W4224647487","https://openalex.org/W4247665917"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2928624090","https://openalex.org/W3121234681","https://openalex.org/W1994772402","https://openalex.org/W3029506605","https://openalex.org/W2921099643","https://openalex.org/W159280657","https://openalex.org/W2467429018","https://openalex.org/W3210678099","https://openalex.org/W4200025911","https://openalex.org/W4294636802"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Generalized":[1],"anxiety":[2,10,23,150],"disorder":[3],"(GAD)":[4],"is":[5,17,209],"a":[6,12,218],"chronic":[7],"uncontrollable":[8],"excessive":[9],"towards":[11],"variety":[13],"of":[14,19,43,56,90,111,127,196,203,215],"topics.":[15],"It":[16],"one":[18],"the":[20,41,54,88,128,149,194,200,206,213],"most":[21],"prevalent":[22],"diseases,":[24],"affecting":[25],"approximately":[26],"6%":[27],"worldwide.":[28],"Virtual":[29],"reality":[30,59],"(VR)":[31],"based":[32],"interventions":[33],"have":[34],"received":[35],"much":[36],"attention":[37],"from":[38,76,132],"researchers":[39],"for":[40,98,105,220],"management":[42],"mental":[44],"health":[45],"problems.":[46],"This":[47],"systematic":[48,71,106,122],"review":[49,73,107],"was":[50,74,138],"conducted":[51],"to":[52,79,134,211],"assess":[53],"effects":[55],"immersive":[57],"virtual":[58],"techniques":[60,63],"and":[61,145,180],"non-immersive":[62],"in":[64,92,121],"treating":[65],"patients":[66,93],"with":[67,94,114,117],"GAD.Methods:":[68],"An":[69],"extensive":[70],"literature":[72],"implemented,":[75],"inception":[77],"up":[78],"9":[80],"July":[81],"2021.":[82],"Comparative":[83],"clinical":[84],"studies":[85,102],"that":[86],"assessed":[87],"outcomes":[89],"VRT":[91,144],"GAD":[95,118],"were":[96,103,119],"included":[97,104,120,129],"meta-analysis.":[99],"Single":[100],"arm":[101],"only.Results:":[108],"A":[109],"total":[110],"six":[112],"articles":[113],"239":[115],"participants":[116,130],"review.":[123],"The":[124],"mean":[125,160],"age":[126],"ranged":[131],"38.33":[133],"59.87":[135],"years.":[136],"There":[137],"no":[139],"statistically":[140],"significant":[141],"difference":[142],"between":[143],"control":[146],"groups":[147],"regarding":[148],"levels":[151],"(SMD":[152,163],"0.01;":[153],"95%CI":[154,165,174,185],"\u22120.52,":[155],"0.54;":[156],"P":[157,168,177,188],"=":[158,169,178,189],"0.97),":[159],"depression":[161],"scores":[162],"1.34;":[164],"\u22120.80,":[166],"3.49;":[167],"0.22),":[170],"PSWQ":[171],"(MD":[172,183],"\u22124.26;":[173],"\u221210.93,":[175],"2.40;":[176],"0.21),":[179],"discomfort":[181],"status":[182],"\u22121.41;":[184],"\u22123.86,":[186],"1.05;":[187],"0.22).Conclusions:":[190],"VR":[191,216],"improved":[192],"relatively":[193],"manifestations":[195],"GAD,":[197],"reflecting":[198],"on":[199],"patient's":[201],"quality":[202],"life.":[204],"However,":[205],"existing":[207],"evidence":[208],"inconclusive":[210],"support":[212],"superiority":[214],"as":[217],"substitute":[219],"traditional":[221],"therapies.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
