{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4280549083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2022.2072768","title":"Measuring user competence in using artificial intelligence: validity and reliability of artificial intelligence literacy scale","display_name":"Measuring user competence in using artificial intelligence: validity and reliability of artificial intelligence literacy scale","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4280549083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2022.2072768"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/0144929x.2022.2072768","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2022.2072768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123849098","display_name":"Behaviour and Information Technology","issn_l":"0144-929X","issn":["0144-929X","1362-3001"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behaviour & Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059927190","display_name":"Bingcheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0996-6824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingcheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China","Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033157450","display_name":"Pei\u2010Luen Patrick Rau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5713-8612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pei-Luen Patrick Rau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China","Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072053715","display_name":"Tianyi Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7134-130X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyi Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China","Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033157450"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":111.2207,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":608,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99985153,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"9","first_page":"1324","last_page":"1337"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9218000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competence","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","score":0.6625769138336182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literacy","display_name":"Literacy","score":0.6373132467269897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5607535243034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5420975685119629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.47773903608322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct-validity","display_name":"Construct validity","score":0.4751063287258148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.42878901958465576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3487110137939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometrics","display_name":"Psychometrics","score":0.2377869188785553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.12799081206321716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.12582817673683167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-psychology","display_name":"Developmental psychology","score":0.11245426535606384}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.6625769138336182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547764534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8236","display_name":"Literacy","level":2,"score":0.6373132467269897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5607535243034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5420975685119629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.47773903608322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49453240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163","display_name":"Construct validity","level":3,"score":0.4751063287258148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.42878901958465576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3487110137939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.2377869188785553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.12799081206321716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.12582817673683167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.11245426535606384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/0144929x.2022.2072768","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2022.2072768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123849098","display_name":"Behaviour and Information Technology","issn_l":"0144-929X","issn":["0144-929X","1362-3001"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behaviour & Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:taf:tbitxx:v:42:y:2023:i:9:p:1324-1337","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0144929X.2022.2072768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1840460798","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018AAA0101700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321540","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321540","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/027s68j25"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11851134","https://openalex.org/W134529063","https://openalex.org/W320814833","https://openalex.org/W646014955","https://openalex.org/W937939311","https://openalex.org/W1494063203","https://openalex.org/W1499170180","https://openalex.org/W1520861770","https://openalex.org/W1573994816","https://openalex.org/W1584730543","https://openalex.org/W1750352205","https://openalex.org/W1914331094","https://openalex.org/W1983822707","https://openalex.org/W1992678424","https://openalex.org/W2001095132","https://openalex.org/W2005364767","https://openalex.org/W2019293151","https://openalex.org/W2033648667","https://openalex.org/W2044636010","https://openalex.org/W2054826977","https://openalex.org/W2054926814","https://openalex.org/W2070353335","https://openalex.org/W2070416471","https://openalex.org/W2082581342","https://openalex.org/W2096812562","https://openalex.org/W2105846236","https://openalex.org/W2118338381","https://openalex.org/W2120774710","https://openalex.org/W2121929004","https://openalex.org/W2124293473","https://openalex.org/W2133032730","https://openalex.org/W2139912445","https://openalex.org/W2143391962","https://openalex.org/W2152523831","https://openalex.org/W2160434794","https://openalex.org/W2163260669","https://openalex.org/W2230090510","https://openalex.org/W2233854975","https://openalex.org/W2468230762","https://openalex.org/W2481704025","https://openalex.org/W2567289819","https://openalex.org/W2584561145","https://openalex.org/W2589387806","https://openalex.org/W2610611112","https://openalex.org/W2613049552","https://openalex.org/W2790795441","https://openalex.org/W2795428725","https://openalex.org/W2796755741","https://openalex.org/W2888360199","https://openalex.org/W2896548965","https://openalex.org/W2913693384","https://openalex.org/W2949369375","https://openalex.org/W2956066828","https://openalex.org/W2968893733","https://openalex.org/W2982157239","https://openalex.org/W2995177980","https://openalex.org/W3029022390","https://openalex.org/W3128314484","https://openalex.org/W4231577330","https://openalex.org/W4235678817","https://openalex.org/W4237112997","https://openalex.org/W4247139800","https://openalex.org/W4252080790","https://openalex.org/W4253563270","https://openalex.org/W4297081765","https://openalex.org/W6622267207","https://openalex.org/W6694306215","https://openalex.org/W6827882395","https://openalex.org/W7026849137"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1185300216","https://openalex.org/W2954163146","https://openalex.org/W2896057011","https://openalex.org/W2885887247","https://openalex.org/W2899086345","https://openalex.org/W4238675884","https://openalex.org/W3033465211","https://openalex.org/W1017189767","https://openalex.org/W1971600963","https://openalex.org/W2028351855"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"artificial":[1],"intelligence":[2],"(AI)":[3],"became":[4],"a":[5,32,78,86,116],"part":[6],"of":[7,27,43,53,92,98,123,138,157,194],"daily":[8,155],"life,":[9],"it":[10],"has":[11],"become":[12],"important":[13],"to":[14,67,147],"determine":[15],"user":[16,169],"competence":[17,170],"in":[18,166,171],"using":[19,100,172],"AI":[20,28,41,54,124,139,142,173,184,191],"technology.":[21],"Here,":[22],"we":[23,63,84,114],"propose":[24],"the":[25,40,49,96,101,111,120,130,190,195],"concept":[26],"literacy":[29,42,143,192],"and":[30,60,88,104,107,153],"develop":[31,183],"quantitative":[33,121],"scale":[34],"for":[35,119],"obtaining":[36],"accurate":[37],"data":[38],"regarding":[39],"ordinary":[44],"users.":[45,197],"We":[46],"first":[47,102],"identified":[48],"primary":[50],"core":[51],"constructs":[52],"literacy,":[55,149],"including":[56],"awareness,":[57],"use,":[58],"evaluation,":[59],"ethics.":[61],"Next,":[62],"generated":[64],"65":[65],"items":[66,74,99],"capture":[68],"these":[69],"four":[70],"constructs;":[71],"only":[72,163],"31":[73],"were":[75],"retained":[76],"after":[77],"three-step":[79],"content":[80],"validation":[81],"process.":[82],"Then,":[83],"conducted":[85],"survey,":[87],"collected":[89],"two":[90],"samples":[91],"data.":[93],"By":[94],"reducing":[95],"number":[97],"sample":[103],"performing":[105],"reliability":[106],"validity":[108],"tests":[109],"on":[110],"second":[112],"sample,":[113],"obtained":[115],"12-item":[117],"instrument":[118],"measurement":[122],"literacy.":[125,140],"The":[126],"results":[127],"confirmed":[128],"that":[129,186],"proposed":[131],"four-construct":[132],"model":[133],"is":[134,144],"an":[135],"adequate":[136],"representation":[137],"Further,":[141],"significantly":[145],"related":[146],"digital":[148],"attitude":[150],"towards":[151],"robots,":[152],"users\u2019":[154],"usage":[156],"AI.":[158],"This":[159],"study":[160],"will":[161,179],"not":[162],"aid":[164],"researchers":[165],"understanding":[167],"how":[168],"technology":[174],"affects":[175],"human\u2013AI":[176],"interactions":[177],"but":[178],"also":[180],"help":[181],"designers":[182],"applications":[185],"are":[187],"aligned":[188],"with":[189],"levels":[193],"target":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":121},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":319},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":138},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}