{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214939399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2022.2043442","title":"Research on user experience of the video game difficulty based on flow theory and fNIRS","display_name":"Research on user experience of the video game difficulty based on flow theory and fNIRS","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4214939399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2022.2043442"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/0144929x.2022.2043442","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2022.2043442","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123849098","display_name":"Behaviour and Information Technology","issn_l":"0144-929X","issn":["0144-929X","1362-3001"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behaviour &amp; Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009531236","display_name":"Yu Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6365-2001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6365-2001","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101846148","display_name":"Shurui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5018-2936"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shurui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arts School, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","Arts School, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arts School, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arts School, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002825855","display_name":"Fanghao Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0591-8219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fanghao Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0591-8219","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100351175","display_name":"Yan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4242-4840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100784918","display_name":"Shiyi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9375-5992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiyi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006282634","display_name":"Yirui Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yirui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033503143","display_name":"Xiaojiao Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3092-6213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojiao Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104622915","display_name":"Zihan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8960-7121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002825855","https://openalex.org/A5100351175"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6701,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93930407,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"6","first_page":"789","last_page":"805"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9732999801635742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9732999801635742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13219","display_name":"Mind wandering and attention","score":0.9581999778747559,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9488000273704529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dorsolateral-prefrontal-cortex","display_name":"Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","score":0.6402444839477539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-game","display_name":"Video game","score":0.6328810453414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-design","display_name":"Game design","score":0.5445601344108582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prefrontal-cortex","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","score":0.5051296353340149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-near-infrared-spectroscopy","display_name":"Functional near-infrared spectroscopy","score":0.49893856048583984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.4981396198272705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.49200984835624695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.48702746629714966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4603848457336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4143979549407959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.2888597249984741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.28281325101852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.19609332084655762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15647652745246887}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780508717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72788","display_name":"Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","level":4,"score":0.6402444839477539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018412434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7889","display_name":"Video game","level":2,"score":0.6328810453414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503285160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858057","display_name":"Game design","level":2,"score":0.5445601344108582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18680","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","level":3,"score":0.5051296353340149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130796691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750537","display_name":"Functional near-infrared spectroscopy","level":4,"score":0.49893856048583984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4981396198272705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.49200984835624695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.48702746629714966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4603848457336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4143979549407959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2888597249984741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.28281325101852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.19609332084655762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15647652745246887}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/0144929x.2022.2043442","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2022.2043442","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123849098","display_name":"Behaviour and Information Technology","issn_l":"0144-929X","issn":["0144-929X","1362-3001"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behaviour &amp; Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:taf:tbitxx:v:42:y:2023:i:6:p:789-805","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0144929X.2022.2043442","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71007360","https://openalex.org/W126215119","https://openalex.org/W153736139","https://openalex.org/W267225579","https://openalex.org/W1683284848","https://openalex.org/W1846923192","https://openalex.org/W1967936712","https://openalex.org/W1981609408","https://openalex.org/W1982526309","https://openalex.org/W1983604804","https://openalex.org/W1984683739","https://openalex.org/W2000998192","https://openalex.org/W2016963960","https://openalex.org/W2020320000","https://openalex.org/W2042314632","https://openalex.org/W2054024854","https://openalex.org/W2064191261","https://openalex.org/W2064935444","https://openalex.org/W2083099567","https://openalex.org/W2086124986","https://openalex.org/W2086944834","https://openalex.org/W2091373356","https://openalex.org/W2092770659","https://openalex.org/W2102281374","https://openalex.org/W2106592748","https://openalex.org/W2106664286","https://openalex.org/W2119743361","https://openalex.org/W2120804125","https://openalex.org/W2132458261","https://openalex.org/W2148398483","https://openalex.org/W2158834402","https://openalex.org/W2162010696","https://openalex.org/W2162114525","https://openalex.org/W2168190474","https://openalex.org/W2269601959","https://openalex.org/W2352910485","https://openalex.org/W2465148150","https://openalex.org/W2528124781","https://openalex.org/W2550221203","https://openalex.org/W2591074828","https://openalex.org/W2595933044","https://openalex.org/W2605163695","https://openalex.org/W2626384593","https://openalex.org/W2737241279","https://openalex.org/W2741991414","https://openalex.org/W2759098134","https://openalex.org/W2770136356","https://openalex.org/W2782993791","https://openalex.org/W2793528102","https://openalex.org/W2809224883","https://openalex.org/W2936897040","https://openalex.org/W2943212529","https://openalex.org/W2979607972","https://openalex.org/W2995442439","https://openalex.org/W2999511935","https://openalex.org/W3036818463","https://openalex.org/W3090919894","https://openalex.org/W3108952584","https://openalex.org/W4293872590"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1537006084","https://openalex.org/W2329820015","https://openalex.org/W2944529542","https://openalex.org/W2032856377","https://openalex.org/W2094273940","https://openalex.org/W2767873580","https://openalex.org/W2894961675","https://openalex.org/W2735102173","https://openalex.org/W2000016571","https://openalex.org/W4361216920"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Difficulty":[0],"balance":[1,189],"in":[2,46,122,142,195],"the":[3,29,47,52,57,63,69,76,80,86,92,100,127,136,143,154,172,181,196],"game":[4,82,88,103,137,168,183,187],"level":[5,184],"design":[6,185],"is":[7,133],"particularly":[8],"important":[9],"for":[10,180],"user":[11],"experience":[12],"(UX).":[13],"This":[14,157],"study":[15],"uses":[16],"cognitive":[17,173],"control":[18],"and":[19,26,62,85,99,111,119,146,162],"flow":[20,71,117,131,155],"theory":[21],"as":[22],"a":[23,149,178,192],"starting":[24],"point,":[25],"based":[27],"on":[28],"functional":[30],"near-infrared":[31],"spectroscopy":[32],"technology,":[33],"this":[34],"research":[35,158],"obtained":[36],"oxygenated":[37],"hemoglobin":[38],"concentration":[39],"(\u0394HbO2)":[40],"signals":[41,121,141],"from":[42,171],"three":[43],"brain":[44,124],"areas":[45],"prefrontal":[48,54,59],"cortex":[49,55,60],"(PFC),":[50],"namely":[51],"dorsolateral":[53],"(DLPFC),":[56],"ventral":[58],"(VLPFC),":[61],"frontal":[64],"area":[65],"(FPA).":[66],"Combined":[67],"with":[68,153,167],"subjective":[70],"state":[72,118,132],"scale":[73],"to":[74,190],"explore":[75],"reaction":[77],"difference":[78],"between":[79,116],"video":[81,97],"players":[83,89],"(VGPs)":[84],"non-video":[87],"(NVGPs)":[90],"during":[91],"entire":[93],"period":[94],"of":[95,102,126],"playing":[96],"games":[98],"moment":[101],"difficulty":[104,169,188],"changes.":[105],"The":[106,129,139,175],"results":[107,176],"show":[108],"that":[109,160],"VGPs":[110,161],"NVGPs":[112,163],"have":[113,148,164],"significant":[114],"differences":[115],"HbO2":[120,140],"different":[123,165],"regions":[125],"PFC.":[128],"players\u2019":[130,144],"affected":[134],"by":[135],"difficulty.":[138],"DLPFC":[145],"FPA":[147],"linear":[150],"dependence":[151],"relation":[152],"state.":[156],"proves":[159],"UX":[166,194],"changes":[170],"perspective.":[174],"provide":[177],"reference":[179],"future":[182],"about":[186],"achieve":[191],"better":[193],"game.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
