{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3113397980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2020.1864018","title":"Perspective-Taking of Non-Player Characters in Prosocial Virtual Reality Games: Effects on Closeness, Empathy, and Game Immersion","display_name":"Perspective-Taking of Non-Player Characters in Prosocial Virtual Reality Games: Effects on Closeness, Empathy, and Game Immersion","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3113397980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2020.1864018","mag":"3113397980"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/0144929x.2020.1864018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2020.1864018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123849098","display_name":"Behaviour and Information Technology","issn_l":"0144-929X","issn":["0144-929X","1362-3001"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behaviour &amp; Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013448896","display_name":"Jeffrey Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8038-1605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey C. F. Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Design, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8038-1605","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Design, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010022555","display_name":"R. C. K. Ng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Design, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Design, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013448896"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":32.2621,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99494252,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"6","first_page":"1185","last_page":"1198"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12214","display_name":"Media Influence and Health","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12214","display_name":"Media Influence and Health","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prosocial-behavior","display_name":"Prosocial behavior","score":0.9213390350341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closeness","display_name":"Closeness","score":0.8137706518173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empathy","display_name":"Empathy","score":0.799934983253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immersion","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","score":0.7770341038703918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective-taking","display_name":"Perspective-taking","score":0.6781977415084839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.6775444746017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.6450897455215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.5649734139442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.5148929357528687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.32141298055648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.22726795077323914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08834898471832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06189495325088501}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158608086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2990613","display_name":"Prosocial behavior","level":2,"score":0.9213390350341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779545769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135364","display_name":"Closeness","level":2,"score":0.8137706518173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182263","display_name":"Empathy","level":2,"score":0.799934983253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199068039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574523","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.7770341038703918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780342009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18387795","display_name":"Perspective-taking","level":3,"score":0.6781977415084839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6775444746017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.6450897455215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5649734139442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5148929357528687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.32141298055648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.22726795077323914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08834898471832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06189495325088501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/0144929x.2020.1864018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2020.1864018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123849098","display_name":"Behaviour and Information Technology","issn_l":"0144-929X","issn":["0144-929X","1362-3001"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behaviour &amp; Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/115405","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/115405","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:taf:tbitxx:v:41:y:2022:i:6:p:1185-1198","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0144929X.2020.1864018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164740630","https://openalex.org/W1486776460","https://openalex.org/W1849190772","https://openalex.org/W1968686759","https://openalex.org/W1973808738","https://openalex.org/W1982045155","https://openalex.org/W2003924484","https://openalex.org/W2008629303","https://openalex.org/W2014833927","https://openalex.org/W2020624443","https://openalex.org/W2045712037","https://openalex.org/W2067939171","https://openalex.org/W2079476777","https://openalex.org/W2081249040","https://openalex.org/W2084074104","https://openalex.org/W2084175929","https://openalex.org/W2096438128","https://openalex.org/W2099519430","https://openalex.org/W2102489151","https://openalex.org/W2120771953","https://openalex.org/W2123577935","https://openalex.org/W2124666103","https://openalex.org/W2127355726","https://openalex.org/W2133358297","https://openalex.org/W2136160600","https://openalex.org/W2144139936","https://openalex.org/W2150077060","https://openalex.org/W2151922135","https://openalex.org/W2152550091","https://openalex.org/W2160144355","https://openalex.org/W2169555386","https://openalex.org/W2292941895","https://openalex.org/W2319703347","https://openalex.org/W2416868893","https://openalex.org/W2474166396","https://openalex.org/W2489028027","https://openalex.org/W2523053374","https://openalex.org/W2529885055","https://openalex.org/W2540428363","https://openalex.org/W2559271218","https://openalex.org/W2596115138","https://openalex.org/W2734633677","https://openalex.org/W2756081975","https://openalex.org/W2761409433","https://openalex.org/W2770233082","https://openalex.org/W2795656167","https://openalex.org/W2885322646","https://openalex.org/W2895844696","https://openalex.org/W2898606514","https://openalex.org/W2941310613","https://openalex.org/W2957582866","https://openalex.org/W2981464394","https://openalex.org/W2981643773","https://openalex.org/W2981806696","https://openalex.org/W2982457786","https://openalex.org/W2996932479","https://openalex.org/W2997284973","https://openalex.org/W4230172633","https://openalex.org/W4232230895","https://openalex.org/W4388252364"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2332066094","https://openalex.org/W2242014171","https://openalex.org/W3000702229","https://openalex.org/W2282254244","https://openalex.org/W2979334945","https://openalex.org/W2912675163","https://openalex.org/W4379135626","https://openalex.org/W3162100091","https://openalex.org/W2183271856","https://openalex.org/W2376759642"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,166],"study":[1],"explores":[2],"the":[3,6,40,55,65,78,121,148,153,159,164],"effects":[4,149],"of":[5,8,57,80,108,150,184],"perspective-taking":[7,140,183],"non-player":[9],"characters":[10,83],"(NPCs)":[11],"on":[12,27],"enhancing":[13],"game":[14,82,90,99,130,145,197],"immersion":[15,146],"in":[16,43,64,86,113,131,191],"prosocial":[17,62,88,128,192],"virtual":[18],"reality":[19],"(VR)":[20],"games.":[21,45,177,194],"Prosocial":[22],"games":[23,25],"are":[24,200],"focusing":[26],"helping":[28],"others.":[29],"Game":[30],"researchers":[31],"have":[32],"been":[33],"keen":[34],"to":[35,53,175],"investigate":[36],"factors":[37],"that":[38,49,139,181],"influence":[39],"immersive":[41],"experience":[42],"digital":[44],"Previous":[46],"studies":[47],"show":[48,138],"VR":[50,89,114,129,193],"allows":[51],"people":[52],"take":[54],"perspective":[56,79,107],"others,":[58],"inducing":[59],"empathy":[60,95,157],"and":[61,75,98,156,196],"behaviour":[63],"real":[66],"world.":[67],"In":[68],"this":[69],"lab-based":[70],"study,":[71],"we":[72],"explore":[73],"whether":[74],"how":[76],"taking":[77],"other":[81],"\u2013":[84,91],"NPCs":[85,97,185],"a":[87,105,117,127],"influences":[92],"players\u2019":[93,172],"in-game":[94],"towards":[96,158],"immersion.":[100],"Participants":[101],"first":[102],"experienced":[103],"either":[104],"robot\u2019s":[106],"being":[109],"destroyed":[110,154],"by":[111,163,171],"fire":[112],"or":[115],"read":[116],"text":[118],"description":[119],"about":[120],"same":[122],"event.":[123],"Then,":[124],"they":[125,133],"participated":[126],"which":[132],"saved":[134],"robots.":[135],"The":[136],"findings":[137],"experiences":[141,190],"indirectly":[142,187],"enhance":[143,188],"participants\u2019":[144],"via":[147],"closeness":[151],"with":[152],"robot":[155],"four":[160],"robots":[161],"protected":[162],"player.":[165],"indirect":[167],"effect":[168],"is":[169],"moderated":[170],"weekly":[173],"exposure":[174],"video":[176],"These":[178],"results":[179],"suggest":[180],"VR-based":[182],"can":[186],"gameplay":[189],"Theoretical":[195],"design":[198],"implications":[199],"discussed.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T15:57:00.446498","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
