{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2043658849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01449299508914638","title":"The Cockpit Metaphor","display_name":"The Cockpit Metaphor","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2043658849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01449299508914638","mag":"2043658849"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/01449299508914638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01449299508914638","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123849098","display_name":"Behaviour and Information Technology","issn_l":"0144-929X","issn":["0144-929X","1362-3001"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behaviour &amp; Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069372819","display_name":"Lynne Colgan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"LYNNE COLGAN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Admiral , 200 Woodlands Court, Ashridge Road, Bristol, BS12 4LB"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Admiral , 200 Woodlands Court, Ashridge Road, Bristol, BS12 4LB","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109202500","display_name":"Robert Spence","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ROBERT SPENCE","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering , Imperial College , Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2BT"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering , Imperial College , Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2BT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109889080","display_name":"P.J. Rankin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329325741","display_name":"Philips (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01g4jev56","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329325741","https://openalex.org/I4210122849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"PAUL RANKIN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Philips Research Laboratories , Cross Oak Lane, Redhill, Surrey, RH1 5HA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Philips Research Laboratories , Cross Oak Lane, Redhill, Surrey, RH1 5HA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329325741"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069372819"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19507959,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"251","last_page":"263"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10672","display_name":"Design Education and Practice","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10672","display_name":"Design Education and Practice","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cockpit","display_name":"Cockpit","score":0.950271487236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaphor","display_name":"Metaphor","score":0.856715977191925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.6558325290679932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5896750688552856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5691928267478943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5366060137748718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface-design","display_name":"Interface design","score":0.48212695121765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46740418672561646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.44489002227783203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statement","display_name":"Statement (logic)","score":0.4358721971511841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.380041241645813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.35788702964782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeronautics","display_name":"Aeronautics","score":0.2194461226463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.08291542530059814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30322324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194156","display_name":"Cockpit","level":2,"score":0.950271487236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778311575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18534","display_name":"Metaphor","level":2,"score":0.856715977191925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.6558325290679932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5896750688552856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5691928267478943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5366060137748718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139366241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135707","display_name":"Interface design","level":2,"score":0.48212695121765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46740418672561646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.44489002227783203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777026412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2684591","display_name":"Statement (logic)","level":2,"score":0.4358721971511841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.380041241645813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.35788702964782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.2194461226463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.08291542530059814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/01449299508914638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01449299508914638","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123849098","display_name":"Behaviour and Information Technology","issn_l":"0144-929X","issn":["0144-929X","1362-3001"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behaviour &amp; Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10601878","https://openalex.org/W55595677","https://openalex.org/W105102369","https://openalex.org/W180013057","https://openalex.org/W1562719176","https://openalex.org/W1581174210","https://openalex.org/W2041273696","https://openalex.org/W2048963798","https://openalex.org/W2083388294","https://openalex.org/W2155843307","https://openalex.org/W2160183727","https://openalex.org/W2324643059","https://openalex.org/W2618814260","https://openalex.org/W2782227574","https://openalex.org/W3042449707","https://openalex.org/W4302088678"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384579589","https://openalex.org/W4386430151","https://openalex.org/W2320752477","https://openalex.org/W1507026888","https://openalex.org/W1996034866","https://openalex.org/W4321064135","https://openalex.org/W2377990930","https://openalex.org/W2389035448","https://openalex.org/W2624897027","https://openalex.org/W2358484086"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Engineering":[1],"design":[2,14,42,85],"is":[3,44,51],"increasingly":[4],"being":[5],"supported":[6],"by":[7,61],"automatic":[8],"procedures":[9],"capable":[10],"of":[11,54,78,94],"improving":[12],"a":[13,39,65,71,79],"but":[15,73],"which,":[16],"nevertheless,":[17],"require":[18],"human":[19],"guidance":[20,28],"if":[21],"they":[22],"are":[23],"to":[24,70],"be":[25],"successful.":[26],"Such":[27],"requires":[29],"an":[30,75],"effective":[31],"interface.":[32],"One":[33],"such":[34],"interface,":[35,106],"recently":[36],"implemented":[37],"within":[38],"complex":[40],"engineering":[41,84],"tool,":[43],"based":[45],"upon":[46],"the":[47,52,92,95,98,104,107,112],"Cockpit":[48,96,105],"Metaphor":[49],"which":[50,82],"subject":[53],"this":[55],"paper.":[56],"The":[57],"metaphor":[58],"was":[59],"invented":[60],"domain":[62],"experts":[63],"and":[64,111],"psychologist,":[66],"not":[67],"in":[68,103],"response":[69],"commission":[72],"as":[74],"innovative":[76],"statement":[77],"fruitful":[80],"path":[81],"future":[83],"tools":[86],"might":[87],"follow.":[88],"This":[89],"paper":[90],"describes":[91],"context":[93],"Metaphor,":[97],"requirements":[99],"influencing":[100],"its":[101],"incorporation":[102],"evaluations":[108],"carried":[109],"out,":[110],"research":[113],"issues":[114],"raised.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
