{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1996915810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01449299408914612","title":"The perception and measurement of contrast: the influence of gaps between display elements","display_name":"The perception and measurement of contrast: the influence of gaps between display elements","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1996915810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01449299408914612","mag":"1996915810"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/01449299408914612","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01449299408914612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123849098","display_name":"Behaviour and Information Technology","issn_l":"0144-929X","issn":["0144-929X","1362-3001"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behaviour & Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072385022","display_name":"G.P.J. Spenkelink","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"GERD P. J. SPENKELINK","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ergonomics, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede, AE, 7500, The Netherlands","Department of Ergonomics , University of Twente , PO Box 217, Enschede, AE, 7500, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ergonomics, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede, AE, 7500, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ergonomics , University of Twente , PO Box 217, Enschede, AE, 7500, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045807255","display_name":"Ko Besuijen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"KO BESUIJEN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ergonomics, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede, AE, 7500, The Netherlands","Department of Ergonomics , University of Twente , PO Box 217, Enschede, AE, 7500, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ergonomics, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede, AE, 7500, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ergonomics , University of Twente , PO Box 217, Enschede, AE, 7500, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07735352,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"5","first_page":"320","last_page":"327"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12496","display_name":"Color perception and design","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.9596999883651733,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.8544007539749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminance","display_name":"Luminance","score":0.8416593670845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.7401835322380066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5740373134613037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4645378887653351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.45896223187446594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.45648786425590515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4353622496128082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.42396801710128784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41407862305641174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3747156262397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34627920389175415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12022718787193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08382579684257507}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.8544007539749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73313986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355386","display_name":"Luminance","level":2,"score":0.8416593670845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.7401835322380066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5740373134613037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4645378887653351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.45896223187446594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.45648786425590515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4353622496128082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.42396801710128784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41407862305641174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3747156262397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34627920389175415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12022718787193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08382579684257507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/01449299408914612","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01449299408914612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123849098","display_name":"Behaviour and Information Technology","issn_l":"0144-929X","issn":["0144-929X","1362-3001"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behaviour & Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire_cris_publications/b3b5f787-0bcc-48c1-991e-a60da1fc296d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/b3b5f787-0bcc-48c1-991e-a60da1fc296d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Spenkelink, G P J & Besuijen, K 1994, 'The perception and measurement of contrast : the influence of gaps between display elements', Behaviour & information technology, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 320-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/01449299408914612","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:ut:oai:ris.utwente.nl:publications/7f1d0323-1753-473d-8d0f-d55f717297a1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/the-perception-and-measurement-of-contrast-influence-of-gaps-between-display-elements(7f1d0323-1753-473d-8d0f-d55f717297a1).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Behaviour & information technology, 12(4), 249 - 260. Taylor & Francis","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71095071","https://openalex.org/W1515487220","https://openalex.org/W1599669449","https://openalex.org/W1989314580","https://openalex.org/W2073432977","https://openalex.org/W2126272789","https://openalex.org/W4390930873"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990245967","https://openalex.org/W2754502502","https://openalex.org/W2750870760","https://openalex.org/W1992349483","https://openalex.org/W1964266265","https://openalex.org/W4320811325","https://openalex.org/W2066744381","https://openalex.org/W3101031720","https://openalex.org/W4242574474","https://openalex.org/W2067489452"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,62],"influence":[1],"of":[2,5,11,50,64,75,170],"the":[3,6,65,73,76,102,124,130,135,161,178,212],"luminance":[4,181,189],"gap":[7,32],"between":[8],"display":[9],"elements":[10],"flat":[12],"panel":[13],"displays":[14],"(FPDs)":[15],"on":[16,44,134,198,211],"perceived":[17,195],"contrast":[18,114,149,207],"was":[19],"investigated.":[20],"Twelve":[21,39],"black-on-white":[22],"FPDs,":[23],"differing":[24],"systematically":[25],"with":[26,58,101],"respect":[27],"to":[28,69,83,86,90,107,194],"foreground,":[29],"background,":[30],"and":[31,53,71,105,147,173,176,222],"luminance,":[33],"were":[34,67,150,168],"simulated":[35,60],"in":[36,153,163],"an":[37,205],"experiment.":[38],"subjects":[40],"rated":[41,103,131],"each":[42,59],"simulation":[43],"u":[45],"scale,":[46],"measuring":[47],"several":[48,139],"aspects":[49],"image":[51],"quality,":[52],"performed":[54],"a":[55,99,109,154,164],"search":[56],"task":[57,100],"FPD.":[61],"aims":[63],"research":[66],"(a)":[68,123],"validate":[70],"assess":[72],"reliability":[74],"rating":[77],"scale":[78,125],"items":[79,126,140],"concerning":[80],"contrast;":[81,144],"(b)":[82,145],"relate":[84],"subjective":[85,143,146],"objective":[87,148],"measures;":[88],"(c)":[89,157],"find":[91],"out":[92],"if":[93,96,129],"ratings":[94],"improve":[95],"raters":[97,167],"perform":[98],"objects;":[104],"(d)":[106,177],"evaluate":[108],"metric":[110,185,215],"for":[111,219],"expressing":[112],"FPD":[113],"that":[115,122,204],"we":[116,202],"recently":[117],"proposed.":[118],"It":[119],"is":[120,216],"concluded":[121],"are":[127],"reliable":[128,172],"objects":[132],"vary":[133],"property":[136],"under":[137],"concern;":[138],"consistently":[141],"measured":[142],"strongly":[151],"related":[152],"linear":[155],"fashion;":[156],"without":[158],"actually":[159],"using":[160],"stimuli":[162],"working":[165],"task,":[166],"capable":[169],"producing":[171],"valid":[174],"ratings;":[175],"proposed":[179],"effective":[180],"modulation":[182,190],"(Mr":[183,213],")":[184,214],"did,":[186],"but":[187],"ordinary":[188],"did":[191],"not":[192],"correspond":[193],"contrast.":[196],"Based":[197],"this":[199],"latter":[200],"finding":[201],"recommend":[203],"alternative":[206],"measurement":[208],"procedure":[209],"based":[210],"further":[217],"validated":[218],"wide":[220],"gaps":[221],"negative":[223],"polarity":[224],"displays.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}