{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005231609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01449299408914598","title":"Usability testing in a competive market: lessons learned","display_name":"Usability testing in a competive market: lessons learned","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005231609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01449299408914598","mag":"2005231609"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/01449299408914598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01449299408914598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123849098","display_name":"Behaviour and Information Technology","issn_l":"0144-929X","issn":["0144-929X","1362-3001"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behaviour & Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026922868","display_name":"Dieter Zirkler","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"DIETER ZIRKLER","raw_affiliation_strings":["Usability Testing Lab, Mead Data Central, 9595 Springboro Pike, Miamisburg, OH 45342||USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Usability Testing Lab, Mead Data Central, 9595 Springboro Pike, Miamisburg, OH 45342||USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061632176","display_name":"DONALD R. BALLMAN","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"DONALD R. BALLMAN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Usability Testing Lab, Mead Data Central, 9595 Springboro Pike, Miamisburg, OH 45342||USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Usability Testing Lab, Mead Data Central, 9595 Springboro Pike, Miamisburg, OH 45342||USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11567065,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1-2","first_page":"191","last_page":"197"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.8346999883651733,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.8346999883651733,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.8091999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.7889000177383423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.9611369371414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability-engineering","display_name":"Usability engineering","score":0.7644356489181519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability-lab","display_name":"Usability lab","score":0.6055607795715332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability-inspection","display_name":"Usability inspection","score":0.6032500267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-usability","display_name":"Web usability","score":0.5817800164222717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-usability-scale","display_name":"System usability scale","score":0.5727363228797913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5607540011405945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/think-aloud-protocol","display_name":"Think aloud protocol","score":0.5573936104774475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pluralistic-walkthrough","display_name":"Pluralistic walkthrough","score":0.5512508153915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-walkthrough","display_name":"Cognitive walkthrough","score":0.5401071906089783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic-evaluation","display_name":"Heuristic evaluation","score":0.4947015941143036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability-goals","display_name":"Usability goals","score":0.48237887024879456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4430438280105591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3245370388031006}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.9611369371414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100302975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1642623","display_name":"Usability engineering","level":3,"score":0.7644356489181519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11324603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2502322","display_name":"Usability lab","level":4,"score":0.6055607795715332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23456302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7901668","display_name":"Usability inspection","level":4,"score":0.6032500267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4237393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1636686","display_name":"Web usability","level":3,"score":0.5817800164222717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139225968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17146354","display_name":"System usability scale","level":4,"score":0.5727363228797913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5607540011405945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78821406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391810","display_name":"Think aloud protocol","level":3,"score":0.5573936104774475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188688815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205541","display_name":"Pluralistic walkthrough","level":3,"score":0.5512508153915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87105883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107002","display_name":"Cognitive walkthrough","level":4,"score":0.5401071906089783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3255780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1616517","display_name":"Heuristic evaluation","level":3,"score":0.4947015941143036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62993174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928808","display_name":"Usability goals","level":4,"score":0.48237887024879456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4430438280105591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3245370388031006}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/01449299408914598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01449299408914598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123849098","display_name":"Behaviour and Information Technology","issn_l":"0144-929X","issn":["0144-929X","1362-3001"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behaviour & Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W45071789","https://openalex.org/W135682260","https://openalex.org/W216499477","https://openalex.org/W1482537075","https://openalex.org/W1496767193","https://openalex.org/W1508266759","https://openalex.org/W1516047904","https://openalex.org/W1784695092","https://openalex.org/W2026645894","https://openalex.org/W2106427454","https://openalex.org/W2285568936","https://openalex.org/W2317293732","https://openalex.org/W2921629193","https://openalex.org/W4234450915","https://openalex.org/W4301377693"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2488259327","https://openalex.org/W4285229023","https://openalex.org/W110518437","https://openalex.org/W4283693611","https://openalex.org/W1579994910","https://openalex.org/W2215100485","https://openalex.org/W4249900088","https://openalex.org/W4230862284","https://openalex.org/W4379745096","https://openalex.org/W4289866031"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Usability":[0],"testing":[1,13,31,49,85,101],"is":[2,32],"a":[3,19,35],"relatively":[4],"new":[5],"and":[6,26,86,107],"rapidly":[7],"developing":[8],"field.":[9],"Newcomers":[10],"to":[11,41,95],"usability":[12,30,43,48,84],"typically":[14],"enter":[15],"the":[16,27,70,90],"profession":[17],"with":[18],"knowledge":[20],"of":[21,47,63,92,100],"social":[22],"science":[23],"research":[24,72],"methods":[25,99],"belief":[28],"that":[29,56],"conducted":[33],"in":[34,66,81],"lab":[36],"using":[37],"thinking":[38],"aloud":[39],"techniques":[40],"identify":[42],"defects.":[44],"Our":[45],"practice":[46],"at":[50],"Mead":[51,103],"Data":[52,104],"Central":[53],"has":[54],"shown":[55],"these":[57],"core":[58],"beliefs":[59],"represent":[60],"an":[61],"approach":[62],"limited":[64],"utility":[65],"designing":[67],"products":[68,106],"like":[69],"LEX1S\u00aeNEXIS\u00ae":[71],"systems.":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75],"paper,":[76],"we":[77,88],"describe":[78],"our":[79],"experiences":[80],"conducting":[82],"traditional":[83],"how":[87],"used":[89],"results":[91],"those":[93],"efforts":[94],"develop":[96],"more":[97],"effective":[98],"for":[102],"Central's":[105],"customers.":[108]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}