{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2163041701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.3.984","title":"Using lateral capillary forces to compute by self-assembly","display_name":"Using lateral capillary forces to compute by self-assembly","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2163041701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.3.984","mag":"2163041701","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10655471"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.97.3.984","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.3.984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/15495","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016860712","display_name":"Paul W. K. Rothemund","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1653-3202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paul W. K. Rothemund","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Laboratory for Molecular Science, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1340"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Laboratory for Molecular Science, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1340","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016860712"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2891,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":134,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92653515,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"97","issue":"3","first_page":"984","last_page":"989"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10207","display_name":"Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.70829176902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aperiodic-graph","display_name":"Aperiodic graph","score":0.6713992357254028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-automaton","display_name":"Cellular automaton","score":0.5977504849433899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/penrose-tiling","display_name":"Penrose tiling","score":0.48512160778045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.466953843832016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/connection","display_name":"Connection (principal bundle)","score":0.4615142345428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quasicrystal","display_name":"Quasicrystal","score":0.4018189311027527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.3282322585582733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.30326753854751587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2671886682510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.20120280981063843}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.70829176902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104247578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779368","display_name":"Aperiodic graph","level":2,"score":0.6713992357254028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35527583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189156","display_name":"Cellular automaton","level":2,"score":0.5977504849433899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76513542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585688","display_name":"Penrose tiling","level":3,"score":0.48512160778045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.466953843832016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13355873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920850","display_name":"Connection (principal bundle)","level":2,"score":0.4615142345428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203101518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q263214","display_name":"Quasicrystal","level":2,"score":0.4018189311027527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.3282322585582733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30326753854751587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2671886682510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.20120280981063843}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.97.3.984","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.3.984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10655471","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10655471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:authors.library.caltech.edu:5993","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://authors.library.caltech.edu/5993/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402161","display_name":"CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","host_organization_name":"California Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:15495","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/15495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:15495","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/15495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534756331","https://openalex.org/W1567090568","https://openalex.org/W1590825757","https://openalex.org/W1974775577","https://openalex.org/W1977183350","https://openalex.org/W1977312644","https://openalex.org/W1989475934","https://openalex.org/W1995388228","https://openalex.org/W2002052849","https://openalex.org/W2004685546","https://openalex.org/W2007272217","https://openalex.org/W2017279115","https://openalex.org/W2018470239","https://openalex.org/W2023904648","https://openalex.org/W2031655727","https://openalex.org/W2042822987","https://openalex.org/W2056853048","https://openalex.org/W2063736128","https://openalex.org/W2073620032","https://openalex.org/W2252428798","https://openalex.org/W2605897086","https://openalex.org/W4297583485","https://openalex.org/W6600238479"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2888406457","https://openalex.org/W2021856630","https://openalex.org/W2011156843","https://openalex.org/W2942385359","https://openalex.org/W4312045510","https://openalex.org/W3171996054","https://openalex.org/W4298068360","https://openalex.org/W4226505356","https://openalex.org/W3037089337","https://openalex.org/W1591391142"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Investigations":[0],"of":[1,29,43,66,85,106,139,152,176],"DNA":[2],"computing":[3],"have":[4],"highlighted":[5],"a":[6,22,47,109,118,123,177],"fundamental":[7],"connection":[8,31],"between":[9,156],"self-assembly":[10],"(SA)":[11],"and":[12,41,64,117,141,149,159],"computation:":[13],"in":[14],"principle,":[15],"any":[16],"computation":[17],"can":[18],"be":[19],"performed":[20],"by":[21,34,90,134],"suitable":[23],"self-assembling":[24],"system.":[25],"In":[26,163],"practice,":[27],"exploration":[28],"this":[30,86],"is":[32,92],"limited":[33],"our":[35],"ability":[36,101],"to":[37,56,61,88,97,102],"control":[38],"the":[39,83,99,165],"geometry":[40],"specificity":[42],"binding":[44],"interactions.":[45],"Recently,":[46],"system":[48,87],"has":[49],"been":[50],"developed":[51],"that":[52,121,173],"uses":[53],"surface":[54],"tension":[55],"assemble":[57],"plastic":[58],"tiles":[59,136],"according":[60],"shape":[62],"complementarity":[63],"likeness":[65],"wetting":[67,145],"[Bowden,":[68],"N.,":[69],"Terfort,":[70],"A.,":[71],"Carbeck,":[72],"J.":[73],"&":[74],"Whitesides,":[75],"G.":[76],"M.":[77],"(1997)":[78],"Science":[79],"276,":[80],"233-235].":[81],"Here":[82],"capacity":[84],"compute":[89],"SA":[91,153],"explored.":[93],"Tiles":[94],"were":[95,132],"prepared":[96],"test":[98],"system's":[100],"generate":[103],"three":[104],"structures":[105,158],"increasing":[107],"complexity:":[108],"periodic":[110],"checkerboard":[111],"tiling,":[112,116],"an":[113],"aperiodic":[114],"Penrose":[115],"computational":[119],"tiling":[120],"simulates":[122],"one-dimensional":[124],"cellular":[125],"automaton.":[126],"Matching":[127],"rules":[128],"for":[129],"these":[130],"tilings":[131],"enforced":[133],"coating":[135],"with":[137,171],"patterns":[138],"hydrophobic":[140],"hydrophilic":[142],"patches":[143],"or":[144],"codes.":[146],"Energetic,":[147],"kinetic,":[148],"mechanistic":[150],"details":[151],"explain":[154],"differences":[155],"experimental":[157],"mathematically":[160],"ideal":[161],"ones.":[162],"particular,":[164],"growth":[166],"mechanism":[167],"observed":[168],"appears":[169],"incompatible":[170],"computations":[172],"make":[174],"use":[175],"chosen":[178],"input.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}