{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200358390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2102144118","title":"Polarization and tipping points","display_name":"Polarization and tipping points","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200358390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2102144118","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34876509"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.2102144118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2102144118","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2102144118","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2102144118","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017534073","display_name":"Michael W. Macy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0024-5027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael W. Macy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;","Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0024-5027","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008713578","display_name":"Manqing Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6595-8629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165799507","display_name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01rtyzb94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manqing Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180;","Network Science and Technology Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180; and"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6595-8629","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Network Science and Technology Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180; and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033546572","display_name":"Daniel R. Tabin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2997-1540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165799507","display_name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01rtyzb94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel R. Tabin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180;","Network Science and Technology Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180; and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Network Science and Technology Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180; and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031928873","display_name":"Jianxi Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3952-208X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165799507","display_name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01rtyzb94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianxi Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180;","Network Science and Technology Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180; and"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3952-208X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Network Science and Technology Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180; and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004745888","display_name":"Boles\u0142aw K. Szyma\u0144ski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0307-6743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165799507","display_name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01rtyzb94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107336","display_name":"Spo\u0142eczna Akademia Nauk","ror":"https://ror.org/01ck3zk14","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107336"]}],"countries":["PL","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Boleslaw K. Szymanski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180;","Institute of Computer Technologies, Spo\u0142eczna Akademia Nauk, 90-113 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland","Network Science and Technology Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180; and"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0307-6743","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Technologies, Spo\u0142eczna Akademia Nauk, 90-113 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107336"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Network Science and Technology Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180; and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004745888","https://openalex.org/A5008713578","https://openalex.org/A5017534073"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507","https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I4210107336"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.4852,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":98,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98829887,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"118","issue":"50","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11270","display_name":"Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis","score":0.9279000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarization","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","score":0.7268614768981934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threatened-species","display_name":"Threatened species","score":0.6278480291366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tipping-point","display_name":"Tipping point (physics)","score":0.49866771697998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aside","display_name":"Aside","score":0.45267438888549805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-economy","display_name":"Political economy","score":0.4053572416305542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.4046071767807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/development-economics","display_name":"Development economics","score":0.3478165864944458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13687223196029663}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.7268614768981934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24518262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16197023","display_name":"Threatened species","level":3,"score":0.6278480291366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114725131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190837","display_name":"Tipping point (physics)","level":2,"score":0.49866771697998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778120072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2858150","display_name":"Aside","level":2,"score":0.45267438888549805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.4053572416305542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4046071767807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.3478165864944458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13687223196029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185933670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105","display_name":"Habitat","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.2102144118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2102144118","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2102144118","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34876509","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34876509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8685663","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8685663","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.2102144118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2102144118","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2102144118","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1185067389","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-16-1-0524","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1658287642","display_name":"CAREER: Network Resilience: Theories, Algorithms, and Applications","funder_award_id":"2047488","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8306499628","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-16-1-0524","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332447","funder_display_name":"U.S. Army"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8847813217","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SES 1756822.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332447","display_name":"U.S. Army","ror":"https://ror.org/00afsp483"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559198035","https://openalex.org/W1582135188","https://openalex.org/W1977578104","https://openalex.org/W1997607583","https://openalex.org/W2113096089","https://openalex.org/W2124018206","https://openalex.org/W2128767232","https://openalex.org/W2149717918","https://openalex.org/W2151789396","https://openalex.org/W2167951823","https://openalex.org/W2168514538","https://openalex.org/W2230959951","https://openalex.org/W2312405249","https://openalex.org/W2479457348","https://openalex.org/W2483014731","https://openalex.org/W2500652947","https://openalex.org/W2595559191","https://openalex.org/W2798572278","https://openalex.org/W2876761712","https://openalex.org/W2904152473","https://openalex.org/W2913940006","https://openalex.org/W2940832340","https://openalex.org/W2941930418","https://openalex.org/W3101732470","https://openalex.org/W3123183004","https://openalex.org/W3125647857","https://openalex.org/W4307533328","https://openalex.org/W6608158602"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099480356","https://openalex.org/W4384299749","https://openalex.org/W71247835","https://openalex.org/W2896369909","https://openalex.org/W2088479754","https://openalex.org/W2069908530","https://openalex.org/W4291913108","https://openalex.org/W2070058519","https://openalex.org/W2495046216","https://openalex.org/W1265254561"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"has":[1,20],"documented":[2],"increasing":[3],"partisan":[4],"division":[5],"and":[6,47,113,130,145,170,232],"extremist":[7],"positions":[8,114,123],"that":[9,55,79,184,205,216],"are":[10],"more":[11],"pronounced":[12],"among":[13,17],"political":[14,200],"elites":[15],"than":[16],"voters.":[18],"Attention":[19],"now":[21],"begun":[22],"to":[23,39,62,127,151,155,182,210,221,226],"focus":[24],"on":[25,115,139],"how":[26],"polarization":[27,201],"might":[28],"be":[29,50,207],"attenuated.":[30],"We":[31,158,214],"use":[32],"a":[33,63,100,186,190,194],"general":[34],"model":[35,60,94],"of":[36,45,84,105,109,143,147,172,199,229,235],"opinion":[37],"change":[38],"see":[40],"if":[41],"the":[42,82,88,93,140,156,227,233],"self-reinforcing":[43],"dynamics":[44],"influence":[46],"homophily":[48],"may":[49],"characterized":[51],"by":[52,124],"tipping":[53,230],"points":[54,231],"make":[56],"reversibility":[57],"problematic.":[58],"The":[59],"applies":[61],"legislative":[64],"body":[65],"or":[66],"other":[67],"small,":[68],"densely":[69],"connected":[70],"organization,":[71],"but":[72],"does":[73],"not":[74],"assume":[75],"country-specific":[76],"institutional":[77],"arrangements":[78],"would":[80],"obscure":[81],"identification":[83,149,228],"fundamental":[85],"regularities":[86],"in":[87,92,99,107,162],"phase":[89],"transitions.":[90],"Agents":[91,118],"have":[95],"initially":[96],"random":[97],"locations":[98],"multidimensional":[101],"issue":[102,122],"space":[103],"consisting":[104],"membership":[106],"one":[108],"two":[110],"equal-sized":[111],"parties":[112],"10":[116],"issues.":[117,157],"then":[119],"update":[120],"their":[121,152],"moving":[125],"closer":[126,224],"nearby":[128],"neighbors":[129],"farther":[131],"from":[132],"those":[133],"with":[134],"whom":[135],"they":[136],"disagree,":[137],"depending":[138],"agents'":[141,166],"tolerance":[142,167],"disagreement":[144,169],"strength":[146,171],"party":[148,173],"compared":[150],"ideological":[153],"commitment":[154],"conducted":[159],"computational":[160],"experiments":[161],"which":[163],"we":[164,176],"manipulated":[165],"for":[168],"identification.":[174],"Importantly,":[175],"also":[177],"introduced":[178],"exogenous":[179],"shocks":[180],"corresponding":[181],"events":[183],"create":[185],"shared":[187],"interest":[188],"against":[189],"common":[191],"threat":[192],"(e.g.,":[193],"global":[195],"pandemic).":[196],"Phase":[197],"diagrams":[198],"reveal":[202],"difficult-to-predict":[203],"transitions":[204],"can":[206],"irreversible":[208],"due":[209],"asymmetric":[211],"hysteresis":[212],"trajectories.":[213],"conclude":[215],"future":[217],"empirical":[218],"research":[219],"needs":[220],"pay":[222],"much":[223],"attention":[225],"effectiveness":[234],"possible":[236],"countermeasures.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T06:19:23.411458","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
