{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3164854573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018340118","title":"Algorithmic monoculture and social welfare","display_name":"Algorithmic monoculture and social welfare","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3164854573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018340118","mag":"3164854573","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34035166"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.2018340118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018340118","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/118/22/e2018340118.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/118/22/e2018340118.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055710645","display_name":"Jon Kleinberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1929-2512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon Kleinberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052541789","display_name":"Manish Raghavan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4155-8145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manish Raghavan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4155-8145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052541789"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":21.7528,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":115,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99461744,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"118","issue":"22","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12501","display_name":"Digital Economy and Work Transformation","score":0.7285000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12501","display_name":"Digital Economy and Work Transformation","score":0.7285000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.6561999917030334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.6238999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monoculture","display_name":"Monoculture","score":0.7515847682952881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/welfare","display_name":"Welfare","score":0.526710569858551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-welfare","display_name":"Social Welfare","score":0.4724196195602417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34202513098716736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.3335585594177246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.2989542782306671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.2767283022403717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.12735515832901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-economy","display_name":"Market economy","score":0.11231082677841187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agronomy","display_name":"Agronomy","score":0.07505804300308228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.05917567014694214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157005057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220212","display_name":"Monoculture","level":2,"score":0.7515847682952881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100243477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Welfare","level":2,"score":0.526710569858551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536738050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3249071","display_name":"Social Welfare","level":2,"score":0.4724196195602417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34202513098716736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3335585594177246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2989542782306671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2767283022403717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.12735515832901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.11231082677841187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.07505804300308228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.05917567014694214}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003469","descriptor_name":"Culture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003469","descriptor_name":"Culture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003469","descriptor_name":"Culture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012946","descriptor_name":"Social Welfare","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012946","descriptor_name":"Social Welfare","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012946","descriptor_name":"Social Welfare","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.2018340118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018340118","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/118/22/e2018340118.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34035166","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34035166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.05853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.05853","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.05853","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8179131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8179131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.2018340118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018340118","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/118/22/e2018340118.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G302362212","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-19-1-0183","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306142","display_name":"John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/00dxczh48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306164","display_name":"Simons Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01cmst727"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308943","display_name":"Microsoft Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332447","display_name":"U.S. Army","ror":"https://ror.org/00afsp483"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332923","display_name":"U.S. Navy","ror":"https://ror.org/03ar0mv07"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333591","display_name":"Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3164854573.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39895612","https://openalex.org/W839188003","https://openalex.org/W1480693798","https://openalex.org/W1806647190","https://openalex.org/W1972976939","https://openalex.org/W1985514943","https://openalex.org/W1993286459","https://openalex.org/W2023703390","https://openalex.org/W2027739325","https://openalex.org/W2028333242","https://openalex.org/W2033442452","https://openalex.org/W2063445365","https://openalex.org/W2095068691","https://openalex.org/W2128720307","https://openalex.org/W2134445663","https://openalex.org/W2147453867","https://openalex.org/W2151970144","https://openalex.org/W2186184713","https://openalex.org/W2300278319","https://openalex.org/W2788924348","https://openalex.org/W2903643784","https://openalex.org/W2913175021","https://openalex.org/W2963584029","https://openalex.org/W3015812362","https://openalex.org/W3125845641","https://openalex.org/W3125978365","https://openalex.org/W4205102929","https://openalex.org/W4239181501","https://openalex.org/W4256403627","https://openalex.org/W6648870089"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4296336194","https://openalex.org/W4388564053","https://openalex.org/W2028931132","https://openalex.org/W2216536518","https://openalex.org/W2341522331","https://openalex.org/W2331856297","https://openalex.org/W2563338463"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"algorithms":[1,134],"are":[2,113,136],"increasingly":[3],"applied":[4],"to":[5,41,117],"screen":[6],"applicants":[7],"for":[8,89,133,160],"high-stakes":[9],"decisions":[10,102],"in":[11,27,68,93],"employment,":[12],"lending,":[13],"and":[14,131,152],"other":[15],"domains,":[16],"concerns":[17],"have":[18],"been":[19],"raised":[20],"about":[21],"the":[22,34,48,60,84,97,101,106,119,154],"effects":[23],"of":[24,50,62,79,100,109,121,156,168,171],"algorithmic":[25,63],"monoculture,":[26],"which":[28],"many":[29],"decision-makers":[30],"all":[31],"rely":[32,148],"on":[33,72,149],"same":[35],"algorithm.":[36],"This":[37],"concern":[38],"invokes":[39],"analogies":[40],"agriculture,":[42],"where":[43],"a":[44,73,77,143,157,169],"monocultural":[45,70],"system":[46],"runs":[47],"risk":[49],"severe":[51],"harm":[52],"from":[53],"unexpected":[54],"shocks.":[55],"Here,":[56],"we":[57],"show":[58],"that":[59,69,135,163],"dangers":[61],"monoculture":[64],"run":[65],"much":[66],"deeper,":[67],"convergence":[71],"single":[74,144],"algorithm":[75,85],"by":[76,105,141],"group":[78],"decision-making":[80],"agents,":[81],"even":[82,127,132],"when":[83,139],"is":[86],"more":[87,137],"accurate":[88,138],"any":[90],"one":[91],"agent":[92],"isolation,":[94],"can":[95,124],"reduce":[96],"overall":[98],"quality":[99],"being":[103],"made":[104],"full":[107],"collection":[108],"agents.":[110],"Unexpected":[111],"shocks":[112],"therefore":[114],"not":[115],"needed":[116],"expose":[118],"risks":[120],"monoculture;":[122],"it":[123],"hurt":[125],"accuracy":[126],"under":[128],"\"normal\"":[129],"operations":[130],"used":[140],"only":[142],"decision-maker.":[145],"Our":[146],"results":[147],"minimal":[150],"assumptions":[151],"involve":[153],"development":[155],"probabilistic":[158],"framework":[159],"analyzing":[161],"systems":[162],"use":[164],"multiple":[165],"noisy":[166],"estimates":[167],"set":[170],"alternatives.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
