{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2799437918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716999115","title":"An explainable deep machine vision framework for plant stress phenotyping","display_name":"An explainable deep machine vision framework for plant stress phenotyping","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2799437918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716999115","mag":"2799437918","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29666265"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.1716999115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716999115","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/115/18/4613.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/115/18/4613.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087488913","display_name":"Sambuddha Ghosal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9424-5655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sambuddha Ghosal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039366713","display_name":"David Blystone","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Blystone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027870420","display_name":"Asheesh K. Singh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asheesh K. Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011704511","display_name":"Baskar Ganapathysubramanian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8931-4852"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baskar Ganapathysubramanian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091680686","display_name":"Arti Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6191-9238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arti Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081037761","display_name":"Soumik Sarkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6775-9199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soumik Sarkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087488913"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":75.7748,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":539,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99961669,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"115","issue":"18","first_page":"4613","last_page":"4618"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6562947630882263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6527158617973328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abiotic-component","display_name":"Abiotic component","score":0.6386173963546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5641193389892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5604034662246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abiotic-stress","display_name":"Abiotic stress","score":0.5575670003890991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3278370499610901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.29755666851997375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.21159416437149048}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6562947630882263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6527158617973328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132215390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461335","display_name":"Abiotic component","level":2,"score":0.6386173963546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5641193389892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5604034662246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89519541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4667893","display_name":"Abiotic stress","level":3,"score":0.5575670003890991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3278370499610901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.29755666851997375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.21159416437149048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069600","descriptor_name":"Plant Breeding","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069600","descriptor_name":"Plant Breeding","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069600","descriptor_name":"Plant Breeding","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069600","descriptor_name":"Plant Breeding","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010935","descriptor_name":"Plant Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010935","descriptor_name":"Plant Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010935","descriptor_name":"Plant Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010935","descriptor_name":"Plant Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010944","descriptor_name":"Plants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010944","descriptor_name":"Plants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010944","descriptor_name":"Plants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010944","descriptor_name":"Plants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013025","descriptor_name":"Glycine max","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013025","descriptor_name":"Glycine max","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013025","descriptor_name":"Glycine max","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013025","descriptor_name":"Glycine max","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013312","descriptor_name":"Stress, Physiological","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013312","descriptor_name":"Stress, Physiological","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013312","descriptor_name":"Stress, Physiological","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013312","descriptor_name":"Stress, Physiological","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018521","descriptor_name":"Plant Physiological Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018521","descriptor_name":"Plant Physiological Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018521","descriptor_name":"Plant Physiological Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018521","descriptor_name":"Plant Physiological Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.1716999115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716999115","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/115/18/4613.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29666265","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29666265","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:lib.dr.iastate.edu:me_pubs-1283","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1283&context=me_pubs","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196104","display_name":"Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","host_organization_name":"Iowa State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Mechanical Engineering Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4860976","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC5939070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5939070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5939070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.1716999115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716999115","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/115/18/4613.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2799437918.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2799437918.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1019830208","https://openalex.org/W2004732416","https://openalex.org/W2012934347","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2179823001","https://openalex.org/W2185489349","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2274405424","https://openalex.org/W2304648132","https://openalex.org/W2470368200","https://openalex.org/W2473156356","https://openalex.org/W2528491735","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2597603852","https://openalex.org/W2605409611","https://openalex.org/W2606711273","https://openalex.org/W2618851150","https://openalex.org/W2733608569","https://openalex.org/W2919115771"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2131040395","https://openalex.org/W3033694412","https://openalex.org/W3156153093","https://openalex.org/W2387952510","https://openalex.org/W4365805892","https://openalex.org/W3133007940","https://openalex.org/W4387854787","https://openalex.org/W2008091757","https://openalex.org/W3198284362","https://openalex.org/W3162832816"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Current":[0],"approaches":[1],"for":[2,112,174,243,252],"accurate":[3],"identification,":[4],"classification,":[5],"and":[6,10,16,21,35,44,60,124,141,146,149,153,207,210,223,239,259],"quantification":[7,125],"of":[8,48,65,101,108,115,194,199,255],"biotic":[9,144],"abiotic":[11,150],"stresses":[12,67,156,213],"in":[13,68,128,218,232],"crop":[14,224],"research":[15],"production":[17],"are":[18,28],"predominantly":[19],"visual":[20,92,102],"require":[22],"specialized":[23],"training.":[24],"However,":[25],"such":[26],"techniques":[27],"hindered":[29],"by":[30,136,157,257],"subjectivity":[31],"resulting":[32],"from":[33,159],"inter-":[34],"intrarater":[36],"cognitive":[37],"variability.":[38],"This":[39,98],"translates":[40],"to":[41,58,95,168,185,188],"erroneous":[42],"decisions":[43],"a":[45,53,62,105,129,249],"significant":[46,216],"waste":[47],"resources.":[49],"Here,":[50],"we":[51],"demonstrate":[52],"machine":[54],"learning":[55,158],"framework's":[56],"ability":[57,193],"identify":[59,209],"classify":[61],"diverse":[63],"set":[64],"foliar":[66,116,212],"soybean":[69],"[<i>Glycine":[70],"max</i>":[71],"(L.)":[72],"Merr.]":[73],"with":[74],"remarkable":[75],"accuracy.":[76],"We":[77,138,177],"also":[78,178],"present":[79],"an":[80,192,200],"explanation":[81],"mechanism,":[82],"using":[83],"the":[84,91,181],"top-K":[85],"high-resolution":[86],"feature":[87],"maps":[88],"that":[89,180,203],"isolate":[90],"symptoms":[93,103],"used":[94],"make":[96],"predictions.":[97],"unsupervised":[99],"identification":[100,113],"provides":[104],"quantitative":[106],"measure":[107],"stress":[109,256],"severity,":[110],"allowing":[111],"(type":[114],"stress),":[117,123],"classification":[118],"(low,":[119],"medium,":[120],"or":[121,247],"high":[122],"(stress":[126],"severity)":[127],"single":[130],"framework":[131],"without":[132],"detailed":[133],"symptom":[134],"annotation":[135],"experts.":[137],"reliably":[139],"identified":[140],"classified":[142],"several":[143],"(bacterial":[145],"fungal":[147],"diseases)":[148],"(chemical":[151],"injury":[152],"nutrient":[154],"deficiency)":[155],"over":[160],"25,000":[161],"images.":[162],"The":[163,197,226],"learned":[164,182],"model":[165,183,202,228],"is":[166],"robust":[167],"input":[169],"image":[170],"perturbations,":[171],"demonstrating":[172,191],"viability":[173],"high-throughput":[175],"deployment.":[176],"noticed":[179],"appears":[184],"be":[186,230],"agnostic":[187],"species,":[189],"seemingly":[190],"transfer":[195],"learning.":[196],"availability":[198],"explainable":[201],"can":[204],"consistently,":[205],"rapidly,":[206],"accurately":[208],"quantify":[211],"would":[214],"have":[215],"implications":[217],"scientific":[219],"research,":[220],"plant":[221],"breeding,":[222],"production.":[225],"trained":[227],"could":[229],"deployed":[231],"mobile":[233,250],"platforms":[234],"(e.g.,":[235],"unmanned":[236],"air":[237],"vehicles":[238],"automated":[240],"ground":[241],"scouts)":[242],"rapid,":[244],"large-scale":[245],"scouting":[246],"as":[248],"application":[251],"real-time":[253],"detection":[254],"farmers":[258],"researchers.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":64},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":80},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":84},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":98},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}