{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2799437918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716999115","title":"An explainable deep machine vision framework for plant stress phenotyping","display_name":"An explainable deep machine vision framework for plant stress phenotyping","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2799437918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716999115","mag":"2799437918","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29666265"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.1716999115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716999115","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/115/18/4613.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/115/18/4613.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087488913","display_name":"Sambuddha Ghosal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9424-5655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sambuddha Ghosal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9424-5655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039366713","display_name":"David Blystone","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Blystone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027870420","display_name":"Asheesh K. Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7522-037X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asheesh K. Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7522-037X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011704511","display_name":"Baskar Ganapathysubramanian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8931-4852"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baskar Ganapathysubramanian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091680686","display_name":"Arti Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6191-9238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arti Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081037761","display_name":"Soumik Sarkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6775-9199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soumik Sarkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":71.3815,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":545,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99959468,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"115","issue":"18","first_page":"4613","last_page":"4618"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6562947630882263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6527158617973328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abiotic-component","display_name":"Abiotic component","score":0.6386173963546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5641193389892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5604034662246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abiotic-stress","display_name":"Abiotic stress","score":0.5575670003890991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3278370499610901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.29755666851997375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.21159416437149048}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6562947630882263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6527158617973328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132215390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461335","display_name":"Abiotic component","level":2,"score":0.6386173963546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5641193389892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5604034662246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89519541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4667893","display_name":"Abiotic stress","level":3,"score":0.5575670003890991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3278370499610901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.29755666851997375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.21159416437149048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069600","descriptor_name":"Plant Breeding","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069600","descriptor_name":"Plant Breeding","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069600","descriptor_name":"Plant Breeding","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069600","descriptor_name":"Plant Breeding","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010641","descriptor_name":"Phenotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010935","descriptor_name":"Plant Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010935","descriptor_name":"Plant Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010935","descriptor_name":"Plant Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010935","descriptor_name":"Plant Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010944","descriptor_name":"Plants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010944","descriptor_name":"Plants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010944","descriptor_name":"Plants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010944","descriptor_name":"Plants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013025","descriptor_name":"Glycine max","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013025","descriptor_name":"Glycine max","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013025","descriptor_name":"Glycine max","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013025","descriptor_name":"Glycine max","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013312","descriptor_name":"Stress, Physiological","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013312","descriptor_name":"Stress, Physiological","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013312","descriptor_name":"Stress, Physiological","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013312","descriptor_name":"Stress, Physiological","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018521","descriptor_name":"Plant Physiological Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018521","descriptor_name":"Plant Physiological Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018521","descriptor_name":"Plant Physiological Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018521","descriptor_name":"Plant Physiological Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.1716999115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716999115","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/115/18/4613.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29666265","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29666265","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:lib.dr.iastate.edu:me_pubs-1283","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1283&context=me_pubs","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196104","display_name":"Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","host_organization_name":"Iowa State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Mechanical Engineering Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4860976","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC5939070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5939070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5939070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.1716999115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716999115","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/115/18/4613.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3743424538","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017-67007-26151","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/05qx3fv49"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1019830208","https://openalex.org/W2004732416","https://openalex.org/W2012934347","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2179823001","https://openalex.org/W2185489349","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2274405424","https://openalex.org/W2304648132","https://openalex.org/W2470368200","https://openalex.org/W2473156356","https://openalex.org/W2528491735","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2597603852","https://openalex.org/W2605409611","https://openalex.org/W2606711273","https://openalex.org/W2618851150","https://openalex.org/W2733608569","https://openalex.org/W2919115771"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2131040395","https://openalex.org/W3033694412","https://openalex.org/W3156153093","https://openalex.org/W2387952510","https://openalex.org/W4365805892","https://openalex.org/W3133007940","https://openalex.org/W4387854787","https://openalex.org/W2008091757","https://openalex.org/W3198284362","https://openalex.org/W3162832816"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"(L.)":[0],"Merr.]":[1],"with":[2],"remarkable":[3],"accuracy.":[4],"We":[5,66,105],"also":[6,106],"present":[7],"an":[8,120,128],"explanation":[9],"mechanism,":[10],"using":[11],"the":[12,19,109],"top-K":[13],"high-resolution":[14],"feature":[15],"maps":[16],"that":[17,108,131],"isolate":[18],"visual":[20,30],"symptoms":[21,31],"used":[22],"to":[23,96,113,116],"make":[24],"predictions.":[25],"This":[26],"unsupervised":[27],"identification":[28,41],"of":[29,36,43,122,127,183],"provides":[32],"a":[33,57,177],"quantitative":[34],"measure":[35],"stress":[37,184],"severity,":[38],"allowing":[39],"for":[40,102,171,180],"(type":[42],"foliar":[44,140],"stress),":[45,51],"classification":[46],"(low,":[47],"medium,":[48],"or":[49,175],"high":[50],"and":[52,69,74,77,81,135,138,151,167,187],"quantification":[53],"(stress":[54],"severity)":[55],"in":[56,146,160],"single":[58],"framework":[59],"without":[60],"detailed":[61],"symptom":[62],"annotation":[63],"by":[64,85,185],"experts.":[65],"reliably":[67],"identified":[68],"classified":[70],"several":[71],"biotic":[72],"(bacterial":[73],"fungal":[75],"diseases)":[76],"abiotic":[78],"(chemical":[79],"injury":[80],"nutrient":[82],"deficiency)":[83],"stresses":[84,141],"learning":[86],"from":[87],"over":[88],"25,000":[89],"images.":[90],"The":[91,125,154],"learned":[92,110],"model":[93,111,130,156],"is":[94],"robust":[95],"input":[97],"image":[98],"perturbations,":[99],"demonstrating":[100,119],"viability":[101],"high-throughput":[103],"deployment.":[104],"noticed":[107],"appears":[112],"be":[114,158],"agnostic":[115],"species,":[117],"seemingly":[118],"ability":[121],"transfer":[123],"learning.":[124],"availability":[126],"explainable":[129],"can":[132],"consistently,":[133],"rapidly,":[134],"accurately":[136],"identify":[137],"quantify":[139],"would":[142],"have":[143],"significant":[144],"implications":[145],"scientific":[147],"research,":[148],"plant":[149],"breeding,":[150],"crop":[152],"production.":[153],"trained":[155],"could":[157],"deployed":[159],"mobile":[161,178],"platforms":[162],"(e.g.,":[163],"unmanned":[164],"air":[165],"vehicles":[166],"automated":[168],"ground":[169],"scouts)":[170],"rapid,":[172],"large-scale":[173],"scouting":[174],"as":[176],"application":[179],"real-time":[181],"detection":[182],"farmers":[186],"researchers.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":64},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":80},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":84},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":98},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T06:19:23.411458","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}