{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1966146032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014748109","title":"Game-powered machine learning","display_name":"Game-powered machine learning","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-03-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1966146032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014748109","mag":"1966146032","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22460786"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.1014748109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014748109","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/109/17/6411.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/109/17/6411.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080216132","display_name":"Luke Barrington","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luke Barrington","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and","Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California at San Diego, [corrected] La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California at San Diego, [corrected] La Jolla, CA 92093, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005989028","display_name":"Douglas Turnbull","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7252-1855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87424562","display_name":"Ithaca College","ror":"https://ror.org/01kw1gj07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87424562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas Turnbull","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY 14850"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY 14850","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87424562"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003709708","display_name":"Gert Lanckriet","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gert Lanckriet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6552,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94819021,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"109","issue":"17","first_page":"6411","last_page":"6416"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11439","display_name":"Video Analysis and Summarization","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8722045421600342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.7057838439941406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6780428290367126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5464306473731995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.45863425731658936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowds","display_name":"Crowds","score":0.4563307464122772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43782657384872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4237581789493561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.4152378439903259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.32487159967422485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.1248331367969513}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8722045421600342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.7057838439941406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6780428290367126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5464306473731995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.45863425731658936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777852691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13430821","display_name":"Crowds","level":2,"score":0.4563307464122772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43782657384872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4237581789493561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.4152378439903259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.32487159967422485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.1248331367969513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.1014748109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014748109","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/109/17/6411.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22460786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22460786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.ithaca.edu:scopus_articles-2133","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.ithaca.edu/scopus_articles/1134","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196817","display_name":"Digital Collections - Ithaca College Library (Ithaca College)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I87424562","host_organization_name":"Ithaca College","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87424562"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Articles Indexed in Scopus","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.ithaca.edu:scopus_articles-2259","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.ithaca.edu/scopus_articles/1260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196817","display_name":"Digital Collections - Ithaca College Library (Ithaca College)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I87424562","host_organization_name":"Ithaca College","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87424562"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Articles Indexed in Scopus","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2470818","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3340027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.1014748109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014748109","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/109/17/6411.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1159725035","display_name":"CAREER:  An Integrated Framework for Multimodal Music Search and Discovery","funder_award_id":"1054960","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2432067138","display_name":"IGERT: Vision and Learning in Humans and Machines","funder_award_id":"0333451","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G585050969","display_name":"Collaborative Research: MSPA-MCS: Sparse Multivariate Data Analysis","funder_award_id":"0625409","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7795998495","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DGE-0333451","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306151","display_name":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/052csg198"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1966146032.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1966146032.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W112089985","https://openalex.org/W571574233","https://openalex.org/W844221323","https://openalex.org/W1513874326","https://openalex.org/W1988410705","https://openalex.org/W2022710553","https://openalex.org/W2066636486","https://openalex.org/W2067329295","https://openalex.org/W2073338313","https://openalex.org/W2107756083","https://openalex.org/W2116373735","https://openalex.org/W2116705992","https://openalex.org/W2131244036","https://openalex.org/W2140013053","https://openalex.org/W2141282920","https://openalex.org/W2142518823","https://openalex.org/W2146758737","https://openalex.org/W2162124943","https://openalex.org/W2169375076","https://openalex.org/W2570764145","https://openalex.org/W2903158431","https://openalex.org/W2949071206","https://openalex.org/W3013264884","https://openalex.org/W3020097842","https://openalex.org/W3097096317"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3032998312","https://openalex.org/W1503094549","https://openalex.org/W4384486036","https://openalex.org/W135177976","https://openalex.org/W2337920774","https://openalex.org/W4318823662","https://openalex.org/W2886410948","https://openalex.org/W2025875869","https://openalex.org/W3207526114","https://openalex.org/W1497983610"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Searching":[0],"for":[1,63],"relevant":[2,26],"content":[3,42],"in":[4,169],"a":[5,22,67,94,127,183],"massive":[6,191],"amount":[7],"of":[8,25,47,56,83,129,193],"multimedia":[9,41,194],"information":[10],"is":[11],"facilitated":[12],"by":[13],"accurately":[14],"annotating":[15,40],"each":[16],"image,":[17],"video,":[18],"or":[19,29],"song":[20],"with":[21,53,159,179],"large":[23],"number":[24],"semantic":[27,151],"keywords,":[28],"tags.":[30],"We":[31,59],"introduce":[32],"game-powered":[33],"machine":[34,57,96,101,180],"learning,":[35],"an":[36],"integrated":[37],"approach":[38,187],"to":[39,92,109,153,188],"that":[43,113,174],"combines":[44],"the":[45,54,81,84,100,106,122,166],"effectiveness":[46],"human":[48,139],"computation,":[49],"through":[50],"online":[51],"games,":[52],"scalability":[55],"learning.":[58],"investigate":[60],"this":[61,170],"framework":[62],"labeling":[64],"music.":[65],"First,":[66],"socially-oriented":[68],"music":[69,77,130],"annotation":[70,107,177],"game":[71],"called":[72],"Herd":[73],"It":[74],"collects":[75],"reliable":[76,184],"annotations":[78],"based":[79,148],"on":[80,149,165],"\"wisdom":[82],"crowds.\"":[85],"Second,":[86],"these":[87],"annotated":[88,143],"examples":[89],"are":[90],"used":[91],"train":[93],"supervised":[95],"learning":[97,102,181],"system.":[98],"Third,":[99],"system":[103,123],"actively":[104,175],"directs":[105],"games":[108,178],"collect":[110],"new":[111],"data":[112],"will":[114],"most":[115],"benefit":[116],"future":[117],"model":[118],"iterations.":[119],"Once":[120],"trained,":[121],"can":[124,145],"automatically":[125],"annotate":[126],"corpus":[128],"much":[131],"larger":[132],"than":[133],"what":[134],"could":[135],"be":[136,146],"labeled":[137],"using":[138],"computation":[140],"alone.":[141],"Automatically":[142],"songs":[144],"retrieved":[147],"their":[150],"relevance":[152],"text-based":[154],"queries":[155],"(e.g.,":[156],"\"funky":[157],"jazz":[158],"saxophone,\"":[160],"\"spooky":[161],"electronica,\"":[162],"etc.).":[163],"Based":[164],"results":[167],"presented":[168],"paper,":[171],"we":[172],"find":[173],"coupling":[176],"provides":[182],"and":[185],"scalable":[186],"making":[189],"searchable":[190],"amounts":[192],"data.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T06:19:23.411458","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
