{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408705940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jccee5.cpeng-6209","title":"Causality-Guided Explainable Deep-Learning Model for Managing Tunnel-Induced Ground Settlement Risks","display_name":"Causality-Guided Explainable Deep-Learning Model for Managing Tunnel-Induced Ground Settlement Risks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408705940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jccee5.cpeng-6209"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1061/jccee5.cpeng-6209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jccee5.cpeng-6209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S176637136","display_name":"Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering","issn_l":"0887-3801","issn":["0887-3801","1943-5487"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113250356","display_name":"Wenli Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenli Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong Univ. of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong Univ. of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100325262","display_name":"Fenghua Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3689-1052"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fenghua Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong Univ. of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong Univ. of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017469207","display_name":"Peter E.D. Love","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3239-1304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","display_name":"Curtin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n415q13","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter E. D. Love","raw_affiliation_strings":["Curtin Univ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Curtin Univ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051031392","display_name":"Weili Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2072-1177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weili Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong Univ. of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2072-1177","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong Univ. of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3307,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93720581,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10892","display_name":"Drilling and Well Engineering","score":0.9797999858856201,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10892","display_name":"Drilling and Well Engineering","score":0.9797999858856201,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12482","display_name":"Tunneling and Rock Mechanics","score":0.977400004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.960099995136261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/settlement","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","score":0.7238363027572632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.6206334829330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48445916175842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tunnel-construction","display_name":"Tunnel construction","score":0.41712772846221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.39634400606155396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3619151711463928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3416106104850769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.2731850743293762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.17236238718032837}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777063073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553237","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","level":3,"score":0.7238363027572632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6206334829330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48445916175842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778906150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2460103","display_name":"Tunnel construction","level":2,"score":0.41712772846221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.39634400606155396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3619151711463928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3416106104850769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2731850743293762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.17236238718032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1061/jccee5.cpeng-6209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jccee5.cpeng-6209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S176637136","display_name":"Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering","issn_l":"0887-3801","issn":["0887-3801","1943-5487"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace.curtin.edu.au:20.500.11937/97516","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/97516","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401790","display_name":"eSpace (Curtin University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","host_organization_name":"Curtin University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985479415","https://openalex.org/W2006479099","https://openalex.org/W2140405352","https://openalex.org/W2612690371","https://openalex.org/W2762576926","https://openalex.org/W2889900103","https://openalex.org/W2911509307","https://openalex.org/W2975424829","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W3004079500","https://openalex.org/W3011772218","https://openalex.org/W3012156695","https://openalex.org/W3013149459","https://openalex.org/W3036286896","https://openalex.org/W3091611050","https://openalex.org/W3117942735","https://openalex.org/W3138819813","https://openalex.org/W3150957536","https://openalex.org/W3168672013","https://openalex.org/W3182706339","https://openalex.org/W3198751501","https://openalex.org/W3216065183","https://openalex.org/W4200479979","https://openalex.org/W4205282848","https://openalex.org/W4220790596","https://openalex.org/W4220825893","https://openalex.org/W4223594669","https://openalex.org/W4226182377","https://openalex.org/W4226433331","https://openalex.org/W4229011735","https://openalex.org/W4281742428","https://openalex.org/W4285107192","https://openalex.org/W4285792026","https://openalex.org/W4289812580","https://openalex.org/W4309564962","https://openalex.org/W4311273559","https://openalex.org/W4313530556","https://openalex.org/W4380767690","https://openalex.org/W4383597123","https://openalex.org/W4386799873","https://openalex.org/W4390036779","https://openalex.org/W4391128566","https://openalex.org/W4392399440","https://openalex.org/W4401504972","https://openalex.org/W6631705094","https://openalex.org/W6739901393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081494945","https://openalex.org/W2389053294","https://openalex.org/W1970893504","https://openalex.org/W4312071518","https://openalex.org/W2901208600","https://openalex.org/W1677090476","https://openalex.org/W830525666","https://openalex.org/W2330229995","https://openalex.org/W3014724311","https://openalex.org/W2107104349"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"use":[1],"of":[2,27,189,204,221],"deep":[3],"learning":[4,171],"(DL)":[5],"has":[6],"been":[7],"growing":[8],"in":[9,70,173,195,231],"tunnel-induced":[10],"ground":[11,78,106,148,197],"settlement":[12,79,107,149,198],"risk":[13,21,108,199],"modeling,":[14],"eliminating":[15],"the":[16,25,67,92,116,185,217],"necessity":[17],"for":[18,91],"extensive":[19],"prior":[20],"management":[22],"knowledge.":[23],"Despite":[24],"success":[26],"deploying":[28],"a":[29,53,97,133,153,174,201],"DL":[30,38,51,85,99],"model":[31],"to":[32,47,58,104,124,138,157,163,168,183],"predict":[33,77],"risk,":[34],"challenges":[35],"prevail.":[36],"(1)":[37,118],"requires":[39],"high-quality":[40],"data,":[41],"which":[42,55],"is":[43,52,56,181],"expensive":[44],"and":[45,49,60,86,111,128,151,159,187,219],"time-consuming":[46],"prepare,":[48],"(2)":[50,132],"\u201cblack-box,\u201d":[54],"difficult":[57],"understand":[59,216],"interpret.":[61],"In":[62],"this":[63,71],"instance,":[64],"we":[65,75],"address":[66],"following":[68],"question":[69],"paper:":[72],"How":[73],"can":[74,211],"accurately":[76],"with":[80,147,200,228],"limited":[81,126],"monitoring":[82],"data":[83,127],"using":[84],"concurrently":[87],"provide":[88],"effective":[89],"explanations":[90],"generated":[93],"results?":[94],"We":[95,206],"propose":[96],"new":[98],"approach":[100,114,210],"combining":[101],"explainable":[102],"techniques":[103],"improve":[105,129],"modeling":[109],"accuracy":[110],"explainability.":[112],"Our":[113],"comprises":[115],"following:":[117],"an":[119],"interval":[120],"type-2":[121],"fuzzy":[122],"system":[123],"process":[125],"its":[130,193],"usability;":[131],"novel":[134],"causal-based":[135],"feature":[136,161],"selection":[137],"determine":[139],"input":[140],"parameters":[141],"that":[142,208],"have":[143],"strong":[144],"causal":[145],"effects":[146],"risk;":[150],"(3)":[152],"soft-type":[154],"attention":[155],"module":[156],"evaluate":[158],"allocate":[160],"importance":[162],"inputs,":[164],"guiding":[165],"neural":[166],"networks":[167],"concentrate":[169],"on":[170],"features":[172],"more":[175],"targeted":[176],"manner.":[177],"A":[178],"case":[179],"study":[180],"used":[182],"validate":[184],"feasibility":[186],"effectiveness":[188],"our":[190,209],"approach,":[191],"demonstrating":[192],"superiority":[194],"predicting":[196],"high":[202],"degree":[203],"robustness.":[205],"suggest":[207],"help":[212],"decision":[213,225],"makers":[214],"better":[215],"\u201chow\u201d":[218],"\u201cwhat\u201d":[220],"DL-produced":[222],"outputs,":[223],"improving":[224],"making":[226],"associated":[227],"managing":[229],"safety":[230],"construction.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}