{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1658756280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cp.1943-5487.0000534","title":"Indoor Spatial Model and Accessibility Index for Emergency Evacuation of People with Disabilities","display_name":"Indoor Spatial Model and Accessibility Index for Emergency Evacuation of People with Disabilities","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-09-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1658756280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cp.1943-5487.0000534","mag":"1658756280"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1061/(asce)cp.1943-5487.0000534","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cp.1943-5487.0000534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S176637136","display_name":"Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering","issn_l":"0887-3801","issn":["0887-3801","1943-5487"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001117631","display_name":"Mahdi Hashemi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0212-0228"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mahdi Hashemi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geoinformatics Laboratory, School of Information Sciences, Univ. of Pittsburgh, 135 North Bellefield Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (corresponding author)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geoinformatics Laboratory, School of Information Sciences, Univ. of Pittsburgh, 135 North Bellefield Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (corresponding author)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010491831","display_name":"Hassan A. Karimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5331-5004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130035786","display_name":"University Ucinf","ror":"https://ror.org/02cs9pv18","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130035786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["CL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan A. Karimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geoinformatics Laboratory, School of Information Sciences, Univ. of Pittsburgh, 135 North Bellefield Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15260"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geoinformatics Laboratory, School of Information Sciences, Univ. of Pittsburgh, 135 North Bellefield Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15260","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130035786","https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001117631"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1771,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92752302,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doors","display_name":"Doors","score":0.7522994875907898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.6426843404769897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.6047935485839844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5464864373207092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.4934670031070709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevator","display_name":"Elevator","score":0.47546452283859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-evacuation","display_name":"Emergency evacuation","score":0.4663127362728119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2717553377151489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1858956515789032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.08101370930671692}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125209513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4037520","display_name":"Doors","level":2,"score":0.7522994875907898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.6426843404769897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.6047935485839844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5464864373207092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.4934670031070709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147021018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252451","display_name":"Elevator","level":2,"score":0.47546452283859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778309149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q606332","display_name":"Emergency evacuation","level":2,"score":0.4663127362728119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2717553377151489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1858956515789032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.08101370930671692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1061/(asce)cp.1943-5487.0000534","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cp.1943-5487.0000534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S176637136","display_name":"Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering","issn_l":"0887-3801","issn":["0887-3801","1943-5487"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W82362929","https://openalex.org/W150322441","https://openalex.org/W203515002","https://openalex.org/W204483933","https://openalex.org/W1212821315","https://openalex.org/W1522343170","https://openalex.org/W1549972920","https://openalex.org/W1553176154","https://openalex.org/W1576260914","https://openalex.org/W1666608074","https://openalex.org/W1965998372","https://openalex.org/W1968022346","https://openalex.org/W1968233484","https://openalex.org/W1973972388","https://openalex.org/W1975483595","https://openalex.org/W1978568847","https://openalex.org/W1988273107","https://openalex.org/W1988320940","https://openalex.org/W1989267092","https://openalex.org/W1995066072","https://openalex.org/W2001146077","https://openalex.org/W2003292261","https://openalex.org/W2010636983","https://openalex.org/W2014138230","https://openalex.org/W2014385728","https://openalex.org/W2016882510","https://openalex.org/W2021672006","https://openalex.org/W2022055737","https://openalex.org/W2028639027","https://openalex.org/W2032516744","https://openalex.org/W2042034734","https://openalex.org/W2048844945","https://openalex.org/W2051196660","https://openalex.org/W2052042501","https://openalex.org/W2053663962","https://openalex.org/W2068635707","https://openalex.org/W2084453634","https://openalex.org/W2084810873","https://openalex.org/W2088030401","https://openalex.org/W2103971875","https://openalex.org/W2110829128","https://openalex.org/W2110837809","https://openalex.org/W2114800280","https://openalex.org/W2164856492","https://openalex.org/W2285579354","https://openalex.org/W3150823843","https://openalex.org/W3158124029"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4241837227","https://openalex.org/W1507618586","https://openalex.org/W3016239942","https://openalex.org/W2990197615","https://openalex.org/W4296481904","https://openalex.org/W2388571181","https://openalex.org/W2349590940","https://openalex.org/W1858618524","https://openalex.org/W4313551520","https://openalex.org/W3033239881"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"indoor":[1,35,42],"emergency":[2,36,43,70,114,145],"evacuation":[3,22,44,71],"drills,":[4],"simulations,":[5,38],"and":[6,10,39,88,111,116,194,217,246],"plans":[7],"are":[8,92,104,176,197,221],"addressed":[9],"well":[11],"covered":[12],"in":[13,33,84,153],"literature,":[14],"little":[15],"attention":[16],"is":[17,29,62,135,181,228],"currently":[18],"paid":[19],"to":[20,53,81,163,183],"the":[21,48,55,69,85,93,122,139,154,158,166,170,173,185,218,226,233,236,243,255],"of":[23,72,96,102,109,124,142,150,161,172,209,212,215,225,235],"people":[24],"with":[25],"disabilities":[26],"(PWD).":[27],"Routing":[28],"a":[30,89,129],"major":[31,94],"process":[32],"all":[34,252],"evacuations,":[37,115],"plans.":[40],"Current":[41],"routing":[45,140],"algorithms":[46],"find":[47,184],"shortest":[49],"path":[50],"or":[51],"attempt":[52],"balance":[54],"traffic":[56],"on":[57],"exit":[58,187],"doors.":[59],"However,":[60],"accessibility":[61,78,148,162,167],"more":[63],"important":[64],"than":[65],"travel":[66],"distance":[67],"during":[68,144],"PWD.":[73,125,164,262],"A":[74],"spatial":[75,86,100,130,155,174,191],"model,":[76,87],"an":[77,151,178,200],"index":[79,149],"assigned":[80],"appropriate":[82,179],"elements":[83,171],"way-finding":[90],"technique":[91],"requirements":[95,123,141],"such":[97],"routing.":[98],"Existing":[99],"models":[101],"buildings":[103],"general":[105],"purpose,":[106],"fall":[107],"short":[108],"efficiently":[110],"effectively":[112],"handling":[113],"do":[117],"not":[118],"take":[119],"into":[120],"account":[121],"This":[126],"paper":[127],"proposes":[128],"model":[131,156,175,193],"for":[132,138,169,199,230,242,261],"indoors":[133],"which":[134],"specifically":[136],"developed":[137],"PWD":[143],"evacuations.":[146],"The":[147,189,203],"element":[152],"represents":[157],"element\u2019s":[159],"level":[160],"Once":[165],"indexes":[168],"determined,":[177],"algorithm":[180],"applied":[182],"optimum":[186],"route.":[188],"proposed":[190],"data":[192],"egressibility":[195],"measures":[196],"visualized":[198],"8-story":[201],"building.":[202],"results":[204],"showed":[205],"that:":[206],"(1)":[207],"84%":[208],"stairways,":[210],"23%":[211],"doors,":[213],"2%":[214],"hallways,":[216],"only":[219],"ramp":[220],"inaccessible;":[222],"(2)":[223],"19%":[224],"building":[227],"inegressible":[229,260],"PWD;":[231],"(3)":[232],"cost":[234],"most":[237],"accessible":[238],"egress":[239],"route":[240],"increases":[241],"higher":[244],"floors;":[245],"(4)":[247],"if":[248],"elevators":[249],"stop":[250],"working,":[251],"floors":[253],"except":[254],"ground":[256],"floor":[257],"will":[258],"become":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-24T08:23:43.765630","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}